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After years of remaining in the trunk of memories as one of the many documents signed by countries in America, the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (TIAR), which provides for mutual defense between the signatory nations against armed attacks, appears as an option to face the situation in Venezuela and press the exit of power of Nicolás Maduro. Here are the keys to this document also known as the Rio Treaty: WHEN, WHERE AND WHAT WAS IT SIGNED? The TIAR was signed on September 2, 1947 in Rio de Janeiro at the Inter-American Conference for the Maintenance of Peace and Security of the Continent after World War II (1939-1945) and at the beginning of the Cold War in order to guarantee collective defense against an eventual attack by a power of another region and decide joint actions in case of a conflict between two States parties to the Treaty, explains the Organization of American States (OAS) on its website. This mechanism, which came into force a year later, is older than the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), which dates from 1949. This mechanism, which came into force a year later, is older than the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), which dates from 1949. WHO SIGNED THE ORIGINALLY EARTH? Argentina, Brazil, Bahamas, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, United States, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Dominican Republic, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Mexico, Cuba, Ecuador, Bolivia, Nicaragua and Venezuela. - WHO HAVE GONE WITHDRAWING? Venezuela, Cuba, Mexico, Ecuador, Bolivia and Nicaragua. THE CASE OF VENEZUELA Withdrawal from TIAR: In 2012, with the late Hugo Chávez in power, Venezuela announces his retirement along with other members of the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America (ALBA), such as Bolivia, Ecuador and Nicaragua. The withdrawal from Venezuela became effective in 2013. The reason: to consider the TIAR "dead letter since in the 80s the USA contradicted it in practice", by allowing the aggression of a power against an American nation, in reference to the Falklands war that Argentina and the 1982 fought in UK. On August 6, the OAS delegation of the opposition leader Juan Guaidó, recognized as interim president of Venezuela more than fifty countries, deposited the instruments of ratification of the TIAR and its Protocol of Reforms at the headquarters of the agency in Washington . This act took place after the Venezuelan Parliament, led by Guaidó, approved last July 23 in a special session the reinstatement of the country to the TIAR. Three days later, however, the Supreme Court of Justice (TSJ) of Venezuela —in the government of Nicolás Maduro— declared “the absolute nullity and lack of legal effects” of the decision of the National Assembly (AN, Parliament), to point out that the legislative body is "in contempt." THE TIAR, BETWEEN THE FORGETTING AND THE POLEMICS In an America accustomed to ups and downs in its international policy and for many years influenced by the Cold War, the TIAR has not been without controversies. Then, some of the occasions in which it has been applied, although in recent years it has been used less and less: 1964: At a meeting held in Punta del Este (Uruguay) from January 22 to 31, 1962, it is agreed that Cuba's adherence to Marxism-Leninism is "incompatible" with the principles of the Inter-American System, which excludes it from its Participation in this. In addition, communism is rejected. Two years later, at the request of Venezuela, then chaired by Romulo Betancourt, who broke diplomatic relations with the island in 1961, the TIAR consultation body agreed that the American states would not maintain relations with Havana and interrupt the commercial exchange and maritime transport, except for humanitarian reasons. 1982: The Falklands War resulted in one of the most critical moments for the TIAR, since Argentina invoked this instrument to defend itself from the United Kingdom, but its appeal was not answered by the United States. He decided to meet his commitment to NATO to support the British. Colombia and Chile also did not echo the request. 2001: USA he appealed to the treaty after the attacks of September 11, 2001. Washington's request was not supported by Mexico, whose president at that time, Vicente Fox, had announced four days before the attacks on the OAS that he was considering the withdrawal of his country of that "obsolete and useless" treatise. Mexico formalized its withdrawal in 2002.

A group of Syrian guards would have arrived in Venezuela to operate as a security team for Tareck El Aissami, today vice president of the economic area of Chavismo, who is on the list of the ten most wanted fugitives by the U.S. Customs Immigration and Control Service United (ICE). Iván Simonovis, Special Security Commissioner of President (e) Juan Guaidó said that the presence of this Syrian group in Venezuela demonstrates that the regime's senior officials do not trust the security forces of that country, so they seek reinforcements and international allies . Aissami is not the only official of Chavismo who has a foreign security team he trusts. Nicolás Maduro is surrounded by Cuban military and intelligence officials who are part of his security ring. In addition, the regime itself would be protected and backed by Colombian terrorist groups, such as the FARC and the ELN. According to investigations, El Aissami and his family have helped infiltrate Lebanese Hizbullah militants in the country. It is also qualified as a drug lord after protecting at least 140 tons of chemicals believed to be used for cocaine production, according to a secret report published by The New York Times. Because of this, the US Government. UU. They intend to pay between five and ten million dollars to obtain any information that allows the capture of El Aissami, according to the ABC website of Spain. In 2017, the U.S. Government UU. sanctioned El Aissami, whom he included in his "drug lords" list. Now the ICE website qualifies him as "fugitive from American justice." As explained by the Treasury Department, its inclusion on the list was due to the "important role" it has played "in international narcotics trafficking." «Tareck Zaidan Aissami Maddah has held key positions in the Venezuelan government (….) He used his position of power to engage in international drug trafficking, which earned him the designation of Specially Designated Narcotics Dealer, along with his partner Samark López Bello », the Justice Department said in its statement. The Aissami: a very dangerous cocktail Aissami is one of the most powerful men of the Chavista regime, since it has the power to determine ministerial expenses and to expropriate private companies. In addition, it is authorized to issue economic orders that affect from taxes to foreign currency allocations to state-owned companies. According to the investigations carried out, El Aissami is not only involved in the issuance of diplomatic passports for terrorists, but is also one of the main suppliers of the drug network that Hezbollah operates in Europe. According to the US Department of the Treasury, El Aissami exercises control over planes that took off from a Venezuelan air base, which has allowed it to control the drug routes that leave from Venezuela.