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2016 Lamborghini Aventador SV Spied: The Wildest Lambo Gets Wilder What It Is: The inevitable super-faster version of Lamborghini’s super-fast Aventador, the Aventador SV (which stands for “SuperVeloce,” or “super fast” in Italian). Caught while prancing for a photo shoot in Europe, this prototype’s radical bodywork and assorted wings and things caught our photographer’s eye, and the prominent “SV” stickers on the car’s rocker panels gave away its identity. Why It Matters: Lamborghini’s SuperVeloce treatment has graced the brand’s top-dog sports cars since the days of the Miura (the Countach being the only glaring exception), and the appearance of an Aventador SV means the lineage isn’t being cut any time soon. Besides pushing the $400,000-plus Aventador into the blank space that exists between its price point and million-dollar rides like the Porsche 918 Spyder and Ferrari LaFerrari, the SV also gives Lamborghini a more powerful fighting bull to toss in the ring with Ferrari’s exquisite F12berlinetta and the upcoming McLaren 675LT. Platform: While this Aventador SV walks and likely talks like a regular Aventador, it surely weighs less and screams louder. When Lamborghini introduced the Murciélago LP670-4 SV for 2010, the car dropped 220 pounds while adding about five percent more horsepower. Expect a similar program for the Aventador SV, combined with some chassis modifications to accommodate the extra power and raise the handling limits a touch. The aerodynamics certainly have received attention, as the SV pictured here brandishes a new front splitter, widened body-side air intakes, scoops above scoops and inside scoops, and new air extractors where the workaday Aventador has none. The rear fascia has basically shed all semblances of bumper to become one huge grille, with deep rear diffuser vanes flanking quad exhaust pipes below. Finally, a full-width rear wing caps the rear end. Most of the mods look to be rendered in carbon fiber, and we’re pretty stoked about those lacy, center-lock wheels with red bolts. While we can’t see the interior, it’ll be awash in faux suede and exposed carbon fiber. And don’t expect too many creature comforts, since this car is built to be hard-core, not pampering. Powertrain: One thing is certain about the V-12 that certainly resides under the Aventador SV’s louvered engine cover: It will make more than the base Aventador’s 691 horsepower and 508 lb-ft of torque. If Lamborghini wanted to truly deliver some crazy, it would install the 710-hp V-12 used in the 50th Anniversary Aventador, but either way, the SV is going to be fast—super fast. Plan on a zero-to-60-mph time in the high-two-second range and a top speed in excess of the Anniversary model’s 217 mph. Lamborghini won’t say it, but restoring accelerative hierarchy to the Aventador and the entry-level Huracán (which outperformed its big brother in our testing) is a priority here.

Anger or wrath is an intense emotional response. It is a normal emotion that involves a strong uncomfortable and emotional response to a perceived provocation. Often it indicates when one's basic boundaries are violated. Some have a learned tendency to react to anger through retaliation. Anger may be utilized effectively by setting boundaries or escaping from dangerous situations. Some people describe anger as a normal emotion that involves a strong uncomfortable and emotional response to a perceived provocation.[1] Raymond Novaco of UC Irvine, who since 1975 has published a plethora of literature on the subject, stratified anger into three modalities: cognitive (appraisals), somatic-affective (tension and agitations), and behavioral (withdrawal and antagonism).[2] William DeFoore, an anger-management writer, described anger as a pressure cooker: we can only apply pressure against our anger for a certain amount of time until it explodes.[3] Anger may have physical correlates such as increased heart rate, blood pressure, and levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline.[4] Some view anger as an emotion which triggers part of the fight or flight brain response.[5] Anger becomes the predominant feeling behaviorally, cognitively, and physiologically when a person makes the conscious choice to take action to immediately stop the threatening behavior of another outside force.[6] The English term originally comes from the term anger of Old Norse language.[7] Anger can have many physical and mental consequences. The external expression of anger can be found in facial expressions, body language, physiological responses, and at times in public acts of aggression.[8] Animals, for example, make loud sounds, attempt to look physically larger, bare their teeth, and stare.[9] The behaviors associated with anger are designed to warn aggressors to stop their threatening behavior. Rarely does a physical altercation occur without the prior expression of anger by at least one of the participants.[9] While most of those who experience anger explain its arousal as a result of "what has happened to them," psychologists point out that an angry person can very well be mistaken because anger causes a loss in self-monitoring capacity and objective observability.[10] Modern psychologists view anger as a primary, natural, and mature emotion experienced by virtually all humans at times, and as something that has functional value for survival. Anger can mobilize psychological resources for corrective action. Uncontrolled anger can, however, negatively affect personal or social well-being.[10][11] While many philosophers and writers have warned against the spontaneous and uncontrolled fits of anger, there has been disagreement over the intrinsic value of anger.[12] The issue of dealing with anger has been written about since the times of the earliest philosophers, but modern psychologists, in contrast to earlier writers, have also pointed out the possible harmful effects of suppressing anger.[12] Displays of anger can be used as a mani[CENSORED]tion strategy for social influence

Gravity or gravitation is a natural phenomenon by which all things with energy are brought towards (or 'gravitate' towards) one another, including stars, planets, galaxies and even light and sub-atomic particles. Gravity is responsible for the complexity in the universe, by creating spheres of hydrogen — where hydrogen fuses under pressure to form stars — and grouping them into galaxies. On Earth, gravity gives weight to physical objects and causes the tides. Gravity has an infinite range, although its effects become increasingly weaker on farther objects. Gravity is most accurately described by the general theory of relativity (proposed by Albert Einstein in 1915) which describes gravity not as a force but as a consequence of the [CENSORED]ture of spacetime caused by the uneven distribution of mass/energy; and resulting in time dilation, where time lapses more slowly in strong gravitation. However, for most applications, gravity is well approximated by Newton's law of universal gravitation, which postulates that gravity is a force where two bodies of mass are directly drawn (or 'attracted') to each other according to a mathematical relationship, where the attractive force is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. This is considered to occur over an infinite range, such that all bodies (with mass) in the universe are drawn to each other no matter how far they are apart. Gravity is the weakest of the four fundamental interactions of nature. The gravitational attraction is approximately 10−38 times the strength of the strong force (i.e. gravity is 38 orders of magnitude weaker), 10−36 times the strength of the electromagnetic force, and 10−29 times the strength of the weak force. As a consequence, gravity has a negligible influence on the behavior of sub-atomic particles, and plays no role in determining the internal properties of everyday matter (but see quantum gravity). On the other hand, gravity is the dominant interaction at the macroscopic scale, and is the cause of the formation, shape, and trajectory (orbit) of astronomical bodies. It is responsible for various phenomena observed on Earth and throughout the universe; for example, it causes the Earth and the other planets to orbit the Sun, the Moon to orbit the Earth, the formation of tides, and the formation and evolution of galaxies, stars and the Solar System. In pursuit of a theory of everything, the merging of general relativity and quantum mechanics (or quantum field theory) into a more general theory of quantum gravity has become an area of research.

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How to Talk to a Girl for the First Time Making yourself introduced to a girl is a great beginning, but it also depends on what impression are you making on her. You should know the art that how to keep the conversation interesting. The very first minutes of your conversation will decide whether you will just be her good friend or something more than a friend. Read on with the best tricks to confidently talk to a girl for the first time and impress her with your personality. Make an eye contact before approaching Before talking to any unknown girl make sure that you have made an eye contact with her. Don’t creepily stare at her, stand in the direction where she is looking and as soon as she looks at you give a smile to her and look away. This is psychological signaling where you are giving hints to the girl that you are interesting in her. Now is the actual time when you are going to talk with her. Avoid using a pickup line A pickup line is the worst thing that an individual tries for the first time. Many guys usually tend to watch some youtube videos and use these lines on a girl. These lines may be funny, but this is not the right technique to approach. Many girls have reported that they usually show less interest when a boy uses a pickup line for approaching. Keep the first minute friendly The first minute of the conversation should be kept friendly, go to her say “hi” and introduce yourself. According to relationship gurus if you want to approach an unknown girl, start with asking her about her opinion about a particular stuff. Like if you are in a college you can ask her about a particular book, in a store you can ask her about some product, in a club her opinion about a wine. Now let her speak and never stop her in between and now you can causally compliment something about her. This is the main trick you need to play when this is your first time. Simply compliment her beautiful smile, hair or her dress. You have played the card of planting a hint in her mind and this will later make her think that this guy is maybe interested in me. Surveys have shown that many girls like this kind of approach and such an approach can make the girl feel less offended, rather than starting the conversation with a pickup line. Add some humour to the conversation If you develop the ability to hold on the interest of the girl then the chance to get her number increases. If you talk to a girl for the first time and you are able to make her laugh then everything is on the right track for you. The only thing that she should not have a boyfriend. Interviews with girls have shown that they are more likely to fall for a guy that never lets the smile on her face go, I mean having a great sense of humour. Don’t loose the eye contact A guy’s inner confidence is what is most liked by the girl. Don’t approach the girl like you are scared to speak with her. Confidently looking into her eyes, start with introduction, play the tricks with the eye contact and smile on. At the end remove your mobile and say what is your number? If she rejects giving her your number than insist once that we can hangout sometime. Now if she rejects again then you need to let her go. You cannot force her and it is important that you respect her. Behave confidently, talk smartly and present yourself like her hero. If she does not have a boyfriend or husband than there are chances that you can get her number on the first meeting. Again I am repeating that if she seems to be less interested talking to you and ask you to leave then don’t feel agitated and with pride move away. There are many girls who you may find beautiful, try these tricks on the next. What to do if the girl has felt offensive Just remember that the comfort levels and the levels of being felt offensive are different for all the girls. In the conversation if you cross the line of flirting then it is important to quickly apologize to her. Even if you feel that you didn’t say anything and the girl maybe over reacting, but then also say sorry and carry on with the conversation and if you feel tense after this situation then leave this girl and walk away. These are some best tricks to talk to a girl for the first time. Starting with introducing yourself, ask her opinion, start flirting and finally ask her number. In this overall procedure just keep up your confidence. Maybe for the first few times you fail, but experience will teach you and you will then have no problem approaching an unknown girl. Finally if you wish to learn and become a complete badass from approaching women and dating then this Expert Attraction Coaching For Men can help you.

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The Egyptian pyramids are ancient pyramid-shaped masonry structures located in Egypt. As of November 2008, there are sources citing both 118 and 138 as the number of identified Egyptian pyramids.[1][2] Most were built as tombs for the country's pharaohs and their consorts during the Old and Middle Kingdom periods.[3][4][5] The earliest known Egyptian pyramids are found at Saqqara, northwest of Memphis. The earliest among these is the Pyramid of Djoser (constructed 2630 BC–2611 BC) which was built during the third dynasty. This pyramid and its surrounding complex were designed by the architect Imhotep, and are generally considered to be the world's oldest monumental structures constructed of dressed masonry.[6] The most famous Egyptian pyramids are those found at Giza, on the outskirts of Cairo. Several of the Giza pyramids are counted among the largest structures ever built.[7] The Pyramid of Khufu at Giza is the largest Egyptian pyramid. It is the only one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World still in existence. Historical development By the time of the early dynastic period of Egyptian history, those with sufficient means were buried in bench-like structures known as mastabas.[8][9] The second historically documented Egyptian pyramid is attributed to the architect Imhotep, who planned what Egyptologists believe to be a tomb for the pharaoh Djoser. Imhotep is credited with being the first to conceive the notion of stacking mastabas on top of each other, creating an edifice composed of a number of "steps" that decreased in size towards its apex. The result was the Step Pyramid of Djoser which was designed to serve as a gigantic stairway by which the soul of the deceased pharaoh could ascend to the heavens. Such was the importance of Imhotep's achievement that he was deified by later Egyptians.[10] The most prolific pyramid-building phase coincided with the greatest degree of absolutist pharaonic rule. It was during this time that the most famous pyramids, those near Giza, were built. Over time, as authority became less centralized, the ability and willingness to harness the resources required for construction on a massive scale decreased, and later pyramids were smaller, less well-built and often hastily constructed. Long after the end of Egypt's own pyramid-building period, a burst of pyramid-building occurred in what is present-day Sudan, after much of Egypt came under the rule of the Kings of Napata. While Napatan rule was brief and ceased in 661 BC, the Egyptian influence made an indelible impression, and during the later Sudanese Kingdom of Meroe (approximately in the period between 300 BC – AD 300) this flowered into a full-blown pyramid-building revival, which saw more than two hundred indigenous, but Egyptian-inspired royal pyramid-tombs constructed in the vicinity of the kingdom's capital cities. Al-Aziz Uthman (1171–1198) tried to destroy the pyramids at Giza. He gave up after damaging the Pyramid of Menkaure, as the task proved too huge.[11] Pyramid symbolism The shape of Egyptian pyramids is thought to represent the primordial mound from which the Egyptians believed the earth was created. The shape of a pyramid is thought to be representative of the descending rays of the sun, and most pyramids were faced with polished, highly reflective white limestone, in order to give them a brilliant appearance when viewed from a distance. Pyramids were often also named in ways that referred to solar luminescence. For example, the formal name of the Bent Pyramid at Dahshur The Southern Shining Pyramid, and that of Senwosret at el-Lahun was Senwosret is Shining. While it is generally agreed that pyramids were burial monuments, there is continued disagreement on the particular theological principles that might have given rise to them. One suggestion is that they were designed as a type of "resurrection machine."[12] The Egyptians believed the dark area of the night sky around which the stars appear to revolve was the physical gateway into the heavens. One of the narrow shafts that extends from the main burial chamber through the entire body of the Great Pyramid points directly towards the center of this part of the sky. This suggests the pyramid may have been designed to serve as a means to magically launch the deceased pharaoh's soul directly into the abode of the gods.[12] All Egyptian pyramids were built on the west bank of the Nile, which as the site of the setting sun was associated with the realm of the dead in Egyptian mythology.[13] Number and location of pyramids In 1842 Karl Richard Lepsius produced the first modern list of pyramids – see Lepsius list of pyramids – in which he counted 67. A great many more have since been discovered. As of November 2008, 118 Egyptian pyramids have been identified.[3] The location of Pyramid 29, which Lepsius called the "Headless Pyramid", was lost for a second time when the structure was buried by desert sands subsequent to Lepsius' survey. It was only found again during an archaeological dig conducted in 2008.[14] Many pyramids are in a poor state of preservation or buried by desert sands. If visible at all they may appear as little more than mounds of rubble. As a consequence archaeologists are continuing to identify and study previously unknown pyramid structures. The most recent pyramid to be discovered is that of Queen Sesheshet, mother of 6th Dynasty Pharaoh Teti, located at Saqqara. The discovery was announced by Zahi Hawass, Secretary General of the Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquities, on 11 November 2008.[4][15] All of Egypt's pyramids, except the small Third Dynasty pyramid of Zawyet el-Amwat (or Zawyet el-Mayitin), are sited on the west bank of the Nile, and most are grouped together in a number of pyramid fields. The most important of these are listed geographically, from north to south, below. Abu Rawash Main article: Abu Rawash The largely destroyed Pyramid of Djedefre Abu Rawash is the site of Egypt's most northerly pyramid (other than the ruins of Lepsius pyramid number one)[5]— the mostly ruined Pyramid of Djedefre, son and successor of Khufu. Originally it was thought that this pyramid had never been completed, but the current archaeological consensus is that not only was it completed, but that it was originally about the same size as the Pyramid of Menkaure, which would have placed it among the half-dozen or so largest pyramids in Egypt. Its location adjacent to a major crossroads made it an easy source of stone. Quarrying – which began in Roman times – has left little apart from about 15 courses of stone superimposed upon the natural hillock that formed part of the pyramid's core. A small adjacent satellite pyramid is in a better state of preservation. Giza Main article: Giza pyramid complex Map of Giza pyramid complex. Aerial view of Giza pyramid complex Giza is the location of the Pyramid of Khufu (also known as the "Great Pyramid" and the "Pyramid of Cheops"); the somewhat smaller Pyramid of Khafre (or Kephren); the relatively modest-sized Pyramid of Menkaure (or Mykerinus), along with a number of smaller satellite edifices known as "Queen's pyramids"; and the Great Sphinx. Of the three, only Khafre's pyramid retains part of its original polished limestone casing, near its apex. This pyramid appears larger than the adjacent Khufu pyramid by virtue of its more elevated location, and the steeper angle of inclination of its construction – it is, in fact, smaller in both height and volume. The Giza Necropolis has been a po[CENSORED]r tourist destination since antiquity, and was po[CENSORED]rized in Hellenistic times when the Great Pyramid was listed by Antipater of Sidon as one of the Seven Wonders of the World. Today it is the only one of those wonders still in existence. Zawyet el-Aryan See also: Zawyet el'Aryan This site, halfway between Giza and Abu Sir, is the location for two unfinished Old Kingdom pyramids. The northern structure's owner is believed to be pharaoh Nebka, while the southern structure, known as the Layer Pyramid, may be attributable to the Third Dynasty pharaoh Khaba, a close successor of Sekhemkhet. If this attribution is correct, Khaba's short reign could explains the seemingly unfinished state of this step pyramid. Today it stands around 17 m (56 ft) high; had it been completed it is likely to have exceeded 40 m (130 ft). Abu Sir Main article: Abusir The Pyramid of Sahure at Abu Sir, viewed from the pyramid's causeway. There are a total of fourteen pyramids at this site, which served as the main royal necropolis during the Fifth Dynasty. The quality of construction of the Abu Sir pyramids is inferior to those of the Fourth Dynasty – perhaps signaling a decrease in royal power or a less vibrant economy. They are smaller than their predecessors, and are built of low-quality local limestone. The three major pyramids are those of Niuserre, which is also the best preserved, Neferirkare Kakai and Sahure. The site is also home to the incomplete Pyramid of Neferefre. Most of the major pyramids at Abu Sir were built similar construction techniques, comprising a rubble core surrounded by steps of mud bricks with a limestone outer casing. The largest of these 5th Dynasty pyramids, the Pyramid of Neferirkare Kakai, is believed to have originally been built as a step pyramid some 70 m (230 ft) high and then later transformed into a "true" pyramid by having its steps filled in with loose masonry. Saqqara Main article: Saqqara The Step Pyramid of Djoser Major pyramids located here include the Step Pyramid of Djoser – generally identified as the world's oldest substantial monumental structure to be built of dressed stone – the Pyramid of Userkaf, the Pyramid of Teti and the Pyramid of Merikare, dating to the First Intermediate Period. Also at Saqqara is the Pyramid of Unas, which retains a pyramid causeway that is one of the best-preserved in Egypt. Together with the pyramid of Userkaf, this pyramid was the subject of one of the earliest known restoration attempts, conducted by Khaemweset, a son of Ramesses II.[16] Saqqara is also the location of the incomplete step pyramid of Djoser's successor Sekhemkhet, known as the Buried Pyramid. Archaeologists believe that had this pyramid been completed, it would have been larger than Djoser's. South of the main pyramid field at Saqqara is a second collection of later, smaller pyramids, including those of Pepi I, Isesi, Merenre, Pepi II and Ibi. Most of these are in a poor state of preservation. The Fourth Dynasty pharaoh Shepseskaf either did not share an interest in, or have the capacity to undertake pyramid construction like his predecessors. His tomb, which is also sited at south Saqqara was instead built as an unusually large mastaba and offering temple complex. It is commonly known as the Mastaba of Faraoun.[17] A previously unknown pyramid was discovered at north Saqqara in late 2008. It is believed to be the tomb of Teti's mother, it currently stands approximately 5 m (16 ft) high, although the original height was closer to 14 m (46 ft). Dahshur Main article: Dahshur Snofru's Red Pyramid This area is arguably the most important pyramid field in Egypt outside Giza and Saqqara, although until 1996 the site was inaccessible due to its location within a military base, and was relatively unknown outside archaeological circles. The southern Pyramid of Snofru, commonly known as the Bent Pyramid, is believed to be the first Egyptian pyramid intended by its builders to be a "true" smooth-sided pyramid from the outset; the earlier pyramid at Meidum had smooth sides in its finished state – but it was conceived and built as a step pyramid, before having its steps filled in and concealed beneath a smooth outer casing of dressed stone. As a true smooth-sided structure, the Bent Pyramid was only a partial success – albeit a unique, visually imposing one; it is also the only major Egyptian pyramid to retain a significant proportion of its original smooth outer limestone casing intact. As such it serves as the best contemporary example of how the ancient Egyptians intended their pyramids to look. Several kilometeres to the north of the Bent Pyramid is the last – and most successful – of the three pyramids constructed during the reign of Snofru; the Red Pyramid is the world's first successfully completed smooth-sided pyramid. The structure is also the third largest pyramid in Egypt – after the pyramids of Khufu and Khafre at Giza. Also at Dahshur is the pyramid known as the Black Pyramid of Amenemhet III, as well as a number of small, mostly ruined subsidiary pyramids. Mazghuna Main article: Mazghuna Located to the south of Dahshur, several mudbrick pyramids were built in this area in the late Middle Kingdom, perhaps for Amenemhat IV and Sobekneferu. Lisht Main article: el-Lisht The pyramid of Amenemhet I at Lisht Two major pyramids are known to have been built at Lisht – those of Amenemhat I and his son, Senusret I. The latter is surrounded by the ruins of ten smaller subsidiary pyramids. One of these subsidiary pyramids is known to be that of Amenemhat's cousin, Khaba II.[18] The site which is in the vicinity of the oasis of Fayyum, midway between Dahshur and Meidum, and about 100 kilometres south of Cairo, is believed to be in the vicinity of the ancient city of Itjtawy (the precise location of which remains unknown), which served as the capital of Egypt during the 12th Dynasty. Meidum Main article: Meidum The pyramid at Meidum The pyramid at Meidum is one of three constructed during the reign of Sneferu, and is believed by some to have been started by that pharaoh's father and predecessor, Huni. However, that attribution is uncertain, as no record of Huni's name has been found at the site. It was constructed as a step pyramid, and then later converted into the first "true" smooth-sided pyramid when the steps were filled in, and an outer casing added. The pyramid suffered several catastrophic collapses in ancient and medieval times; medieval Arab writers described it as having seven steps – although today only the three uppermost of these remain, giving the structure its odd, tower-like appearance. The hill on which the pyramid is situated is not a natural landscape feature – it is the small mountain of debris created when the lower courses and outer casing of the pyramid gave way. Hawara Main article: Hawara The Pyramid of Amenemhet III at Hawarra Amenemhet III was the last powerful ruler of the 12th Dynasty, and the pyramid he built at Hawarra, near Faiyum, is believed to post-date the so-called "Black Pyramid" built by the same ruler at Dahshur. It is the Hawarra pyramid that is believed to have been Amenemhet's final resting place. el-Lahun Main article: el-Lahun The Pyramid of Senusret II. The pyramid's natural limestone core is clearly visible as the yellow stratum at its base. The pyramid of Senusret II at el-Lahun is the southernmost royal-tomb pyramid structure in Egypt. Its builders reduced the amount of work necessary to construct it by ingeniously using as its foundation and core a 12-meter-high natural limestone hill. El-Kurru Main article: El-Kurru Pharaoh Piye's pyramid at El-Kurru Piye, the first ruler of the Egyptian 25th dynasty, built a pyramid at El-Kurru. He was the first Egyptian pharaoh to be buried in a pyramid in centuries.

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eadliest Diseases: 3 Of The World's Most Terrifying Illnesses — And You Thought Ebola Was Bad Ebola is currently raging through West Africa at an unstoppable pace. Since March, when the first cases of the virus were reported, it has gone on to infect 6,553 people, of whom 3,083 are now dead. It’s suspected that the disease can infect up to 1.4 million by January if health experts don’t figure out a way to control it. The World Health Organization (WHO) says that the outbreak is “the largest and most complex Ebola outbreak since the Ebola virus was first discovered in 1976.” The outbreak is so bad that flights to the affected countries have been restricted, health experts are using experimental vaccines never before used on humans, and locals are rioting out of fear. Ebola strikes fear in people all around the world, and there’s no reason it wouldn’t. It first appears as many other infections — with headaches, sore throats, and fevers — and then quickly turns a person’s immune system against the body’s organs, causing blood vessels to explode, and internal and external bleeding. With so much attention on the Ebola outbreak, it made us over here at Medical Daily wonder, what other diseases are so terrifyingly deadly? Here are four in no particular order. The Black Death Now known as the plague, this outbreak of disease was so deadly that classrooms across the U.S. still learn about it. It all began in 1347, when 12 Genoese trading ships returned from a journey through the Black Sea, according to History Channel. Italians had long heard about a “Great Pestilence” hailing from the East (China, India, Persia, and Egypt), but by the time they learned it had arrived on their shores, it was too late. The rats and fleas carrying the disease, caused by the bacteria Yersinia pestis, had already left the boats and begun infecting Italians. From Italy it spread to other parts of Europe, including Paris and London, through the air just as much as pests. Italian poet Giovanni Boccaccio described its most apparent symptom best, saying, “In men and women alike, at the beginning of the malady, certain swellings, either on the groin or under the armpits… waxed to the bigness of a common apple, others to the size of an egg, some more and some less, and these vulgar named plague-boils.” Pus and blood would come out of these boils, and other symptoms like fever, headache, chills, and weakness would also emerge. Death came quick. Unknowing of how to stop the disease — medical science hadn’t advanced enough; one doctor thought it traveled through “the aerial spirit escaping from the eyes of the sick man” — people began believing they were being punished by God for their sins. Some groups lashed out at others (like Jews), killing thousands of people in an effort to “cleanse” the po[CENSORED]tion. Others became part of a cultish group known as flagellants, who beat themselves and others with heavy, metal studded leather straps in public. By the time the plague started to subside in the 1350s, about 60 percent of the European po[CENSORED]tion had been killed, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). It still infects between 1,000 and 2,000 people each year, with 95 percent of cases in sub-Saharan Africa. Smallpox Quite possibly the worst disease known to man, according to CBS News, Smallpox killed about 500 million people between 1880 and 1980, when it became the first disease ever to be eradicated from Earth. Before then, the virus, which is called either Variola major or Variola minor, had been around for at least 10,000 years, passing exclusively between humans through the air — specifically through tiny drops of saliva. From there, it caused a high fever and body aches, which led to the appearance of a rash (this was when they were most contagious), and then the most obvious sign, small, pus-filled boils. These turned into scars if the person survived, but for the 30 percent who died, their deaths were met with the appearance of lesions in their eyes, mouths, and other bodily openings. These lesions eventually blackened, peeled off, and emitted a strong odor now known as “smallpox smell.” The disease affected everyone, from European and Asian royalty to common folk. When Europe began conquering the New World, the West became infected as well. During the French and Indian War, the British deliberately contaminated blankets with smallpox, and then gave them to Native Americans, 50 percent of whom died as a result. A vaccine was first developed by English country doctor Edward Jenner, who noticed in 1796 that people working on the farm weren’t getting smallpox after contracting the less-ominous cowpox. So, he decided to infect a boy with pus from a woman with cowpox, and then six weeks later, infected him with pus from someone with smallpox. He never became sick. Since then, smallpox vaccines were developed and used until the virus’ eradication. The vaccines, which are also considered highly dangerous, aren’t used anymore, but are still held Health Departments in certain parts of the world — governments worry about terrorist groups using smallpox as a biological weapon. The CDC, however, could do a better job of containing its vaccines. HIV/AIDS The AIDS epidemic seemed to have appeared out of thin air, first being reported in an issue of the CDC’s Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, which reported on a lung infection between five young, previously healthy gay men from Los Angeles. Within days, doctors from San Francisco, New York, and all across the country called the CDC about similar cases. By the end of 1981, there were 270 cases of severe immune deficiency in gay men, with 121 of them dead. Unsure of what was infecting these normally healthy men, the virus sent the country into a frenzy. Gays were discriminated against, the CDC was trying to figure out how it was transmitted, and more cases were being reported every day. In 1982, the CDC first used the term AIDS, and released the first case definition, calling AIDS a “disease at least moderately predictive of a defect in cell-mediated immunity, occurring in a person with no known case for diminished resistance to that disease.” The next few years saw major growth in HIV/AIDS organizations, which banded together to find the mode of transmission, and to determine what it was doing to humans and how best to fight it. Since then, they discovered that it’s transmitted through only certain bodily fluids, such as semen, blood, rectal fluid, vaginal fluids, and breast milk. An infected person typically experiences symptoms like severe flu within the first month of infection, a precursor condition to HIV that’s known as acute retroviral syndrome. From there, they go on to a period of latency in which the virus amasses an army of cells that, in time, will begin to destroy the immune system. Once they start doing this, they not only infect the immune system’s T-cells, but also force them to create new viruses. There is no cure for HIV/AIDS, and although there are drugs to manage it, going off them will quickly result in the virus rebounding. As the immune system becomes weaker, the patient begins to experience rapid weight loss, recurring fever, fatigue, long-term swelling in the lymph glands, sores in the mouth and genitals, pneumonia, red or purple blotches under their skin or in their mouth, memory loss, depression, and other neurological disorders. Oftentimes, people who die from AIDS end up getting sick from infections that take advantage of their weak immune systems. Globally, 75 million people are infected with HIV, and about 36 million have died from it. According to the World Health Organization, 1.6 million people died of AIDS-related illness in 2012 alone. Although being diagnosed with HIV/AIDS was once considered a death sentence, that’s no longer the case, as treatments allow patients to live relatively normal lives. Passing the virus along, however, is extremely easy, and for that, campaigns promoting safe sex have been widespread and will continue to be until a cure is found.

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