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Polls are set to open in Ivory Coast's controversial presidential election. At least 14 people have been killed since riots broke out in August after President Alassane Ouattara said he would run again following the sudden death of his preferred successor. The main opposition candidates, Pascal Affi N'Guessan and Henri Konan Bédié, say it is illegal for Mr Ouattara to stand for a third term. They are boycotting the vote and have called for civil disobedience. What is it so controversial? According to the constitution, Ivory Coast has a two-term presidential limit. Mr Ouattara - who has been elected twice - initially said he would stand down. But, in July, the ruling party's previous presidential nominee, Prime Minister Amadou Gon Coulibaly, died of a heart attack. Mr Ouattara subsequently announced that he would run for president after all. His supporters argued that a constitutional change in 2016 reset the clock and that his first term did not count. His opponents do not share that view, arguing instead that it is illegal for Mr Ouattara to run for a third term. What's the background to the tension? There has been a decades-long quarrel between some of the country's leading political figures. In 2010, Laurent Gbagbo, who was president at the time, refused to concede to Mr Ouattara following the election in that year and this sparked a bitter civil war. More than 3,000 people were killed in the five months of violence. Mr Gbagbo also put himself forward to stand in this year's election but the electoral commission blocked him because he had been convicted in the Ivorian courts. He was one of nearly 40 potential candidates who were turned down by the commission. Who are the four presidential candidates? Alassane Ouattara, 78, an economist. Became president in 2011, serving his second term after years in opposition. Party: Rally of Houphouëtists for Democracy and Peace (RHDP) Henri Konan Bédié, 86, career politician. Served as president between 1993 and 1999, deposed in coup. Party: Democratic Party of Ivory Coast (PCDI) Pascal Affi N'Guessan, 67, career politician. Served as prime minister between 2000 and 2003 under then-President Laurent Gbagbo. Party: Ivorian Po[CENSORED]r Front (FPI) faction Kouadio Konan Bertin, 51, career politician, known as KKB, was once youth leader in the former ruling Democratic Party of Ivory Coast, is now an MP. Independent candidate

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The world needs a new approach to prevent future pandemics killing millions more victims, a report says. It says contact between people, wildlife and livestock must be curbed to cut the risk of bacteria and viruses crossing from animals to humans. Health care should be provided for people living close to animals in high-risk areas. This would help stop outbreaks of disease before they have a chance to spread more widely. Common approaches are needed, it says, so that pandemic prevention becomes commonplace around the world. It would be hundreds of times cheaper to prevent outbreaks than to suffer the grim consequences, the authors maintain. It calls on people to stop encroaching on wild land and eat less meat, because the industry drives contact between humans and emerging pathogens. The report says governments must work together to avoid future pandemics, and must swiftly contain outbreaks. It warns that, without a co-ordinated global plan, more will die from future pandemics more dangerous than Covid-19. The document has been drawn up by an organisation established by the UN, which is known as IPBES (Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services). It is tasked with protecting the natural world on behalf of people. It notes that the current pandemic might cost the world economy $16 trillion (£12.2 trillion) by next summer. But preventive measures - such as cracking down on the wildlife trade - would cost between $40 billion and $58 billion annually. It's a large sum, but a fraction of the economic cost of coping with a pandemic like Covid-19. The authors say the risk of pandemics is increasing rapidly, with more than five new diseases emerging every year. The report warns that 70% of new diseases like ebola and zika, and almost all known pathogens with pandemic potential, such as influenza, HIV, and the novel coronavirus, have their origins in animals. These diseases “spill over“ - jump from one species to another - during contact between wildlife, livestock, and people. The report says mammals and birds are estimated to harbour more than a million undiscovered viruses. It recommends: setting up an expert pandemic prevention panel like the world’s climate change panel; an international accord to build preparedness, enhance prevention, and control outbreaks; a common approach on assessing major land-use projects that might expose humans to animal viruses. The document says: “Pandemics are becoming more frequent. Without preventive strategies, they will emerge more often, spread more rapidly, kill more people, and affect the global economy with more devastating impact.” It criticises current strategies which rely on responding to diseases with new vaccines after they’ve emerged. The authors say: “Covid-19 demonstrates this is a slow and uncertain path, as the human costs are mounting in lives lost, sickness endured, economic collapse, and lost livelihoods.” The authors trace the drivers of pandemics, including agricultural expansion and intensification, the wildlife trade, wildlife consumption and global travel. The recommendation to lower the consumption of farmed and wild meat – especially from emerging disease hotspots - may face resistance from nations such as Brazil. Ranching and the production of animal feed contribute significantly to the South American country's economy. But other reports have noted that eating less meat would also protect wildlife, enhance human health and combat climate change. The authors say climate heating is implicated in disease emergence, mentioning tick-borne encephalitis. They say it's likely to increase the future risk from disease by driving the movement of people, wildlife, and pathogens in ways that lead to new contact among species. Prof Matthew Baylis from Liverpool University, who was not involved with the new report, told BBC News: “Slowing the degradation of natural land will be as challenging to politicians and the public as preventing climate change. “But the huge human, social and economic costs of the Covid-19 pandemic make a compelling case for global action. A major bonus is that this action can also contribute to addressing climate change (by preserving natural land)." Questions will doubtless be raised about some of the numbers in the report. The lead author, Peter Daszak, told that all the calculations were based on published scientific papers. He said: “Of course it’s tough to predict the unknown and the real numbers could be higher or lower. But it’s very, very clear that the costs of prevention are orders of magnitude lower than the costs of a major pandemic.” Prof Kate Jones from University College London (UCL), who didn’t work on the document, said: “It’s a bit speculative about the costs, clearly. “But it seems roughly right, especially given how much this current pandemic is costing - and this one is pretty mild, given the range of possibilities of these types of diseases.” However compelling the numbers may be, decisions on pandemics will be determined by global politics. Lee Hannah, from the green group Conservation International, told BBC News: "The challenge isn't what to do, we know what to do - reduce deforestation and re-establish healthy relationships between people and forests. "The question is whether there is the political will to invest $10bn or more each year globally, and then sustain that investment to avoid trillions of dollars in damages and untold tolls in loss of life and disruption."

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