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With the appearance of packaging systems such as Foveros by Intel and SoIC by TSMC, little by little the technologies that make use of the so-called integrated circuits or 3DIC are evolving, but all of them have a point in common. The use of vertical interconnections to communicate the different elements of these powerful heterogeneous processors. One of the biggest challenges when designing a processor is the energy consumption that occurs when processing the information and moving the information. The problem comes when in recent years all the engineering effort has not been focused on getting the fastest execution units, but on having enough communication so that the processing is fast enough. Regardless of whether a computer uses the Harvard or Von Neumann model, it will need a memory that the processor accesses to work. In the simplest systems this memory is located on a separate chip and must be accessed through an interconnection or cable. Well, the big problem appears when we take into account a series of basic principles. The first and most important is the fact that the resistance in a cable increases the longer it is, if we take into account Ohm's Law we will know that the voltage is the result of multiplying the resistance by the intensity. What does this have to do with semiconductors? Let's not forget that they are small-scale electrical circuits and therefore if the distance from which the data is to operate increases, the energy consumption will increase. The reason for this is found in the basic formula to calculate energy consumption, which is: P = V2 * C * f. Where V is the voltage, C is the load capacity that the semiconductor can withstand and f is the frequency. Well, we have seen how the voltage grows with the resistance and we have to add that it also grows with the clock speed. Vertical interconnections Vertical Interconnections TSV Now that we have the basic principle we find that the solution is to shorten the cables to bring the memory closer to the processing. From the outset we find a limitation and it is none other than the communication between CPU and RAM occurs horizontally on the PCB and routing the communication interface corresponding to each end, so that at a point we will not be able to continue reducing the distance. Since energy consumption increases exponentially with clock speed, then the best solution is to increase the number of interconnections existing in the communication interface, but we are limited by its size and since it is located on the perimeter of the processor this means increase its size, which makes it more expensive to manufacture. The solution? Place said memory above the chip, in such a way that we can have a matrix wiring. Both things combined allow us to increase the number of interconnections, which to achieve the same bandwidth allows us to reduce the clock speed, but we also have the advantage that we have reduced the distance of the communication cabling, so we also reduce consumption at that point. The result? Reduce the energy cost of data traffic by 10%. The LLC problem and consumption GPU Chiplets In a multicore design, let's be talking about a CPU or a GPU, there is always a cache called LLC or last level that is the furthest from the processor, but the closest to the memory, its work is: Give consistency in addressing the memory of the different cores that are part of it. Allow communication between the different cores without having to do so in RAM, thus reducing consumption. It allows the different cores that are part of it to access a common memory well. The problem comes when in a design we decide to separate several cores from each other to create several chips, but without losing the functionality as a whole for all of them. The first problem we faced? By separating them we have lengthened the distance and with it the resistance of the wiring, ergo the energy consumption has risen as a result. Interconnect implementations AMD Radeon Vega Graphics This at certain levels of consumption is not a problem, but in a GPU it is and suddenly we find that we cannot create a graphics processor composed of chiplets using traditional communication methods. Hence the development of vertical intercommunications to communicate the different chips, which means that they have to be wired vertically with a common intercom base that we call Interposer.

Game Informations : Developer: Kevin VanOrd Platforms: PC Initial release date: October 8, 2013 at 3:06PM PDT A shooter based on a beloved strategy franchise? It's the kind of idea that makes strategy fans nervous, but games like Command & Conquer: Renegade have proven that the possibility isn't meritless. The Bureau: XCOM Declassified is not a great argument for an XCOM spin-off, however. It often puts its best foot forward, but while The Bureau mimics some of its inspiration's touchstones, it doesn't re-create their impact. The result is a third-person cover shooter that is decent fun but ultimately rings hollow. Now Playing: Video Review - The Bureau: XCOM Declassified What the Bureau nails is its retro-futuristic atmosphere, which channels an early-1960s view of the world straight from a Sears, Roebuck & Co. catalog. Protagonist William Carter looks as if he leapt from a postcard or periodical advert from the era: his hair is shellacked to perfection, and a heavy turtleneck sets off his freshly shaven face. Environments look slightly yellowed in the way we often imagine the 1960s, given how photographs fade over time. Sectoids--alien mainstays in the XCOM universe--have the big bulbous heads and skeletal bodies of the extraterrestrials you might have seen described in Amazing Stories magazine. This was the era of famous alien abductees Betty and Barney Hill, whose descriptions of bald-headed, gray-skinned invaders fueled generations' worth of pop-culture depictions of men from outer space. The Bureau looks like a Hill hypnosis session come to life. The Bureau's structure somewhat resembles that of a typical XCOM strategy game. You spend some of your time in XCOM headquarters, getting updates on recent global events, before heading into the field and confronting the alien threat the planet faces. And this being an XCOM game, you don't just go it alone but rather take two squadmates with you and issue them specific orders: take cover over there, call in an airstrike, target this enemy, and so forth. Carter and his squadmates all level up, earning new abilities and improving old ones as they go, by way of The Bureau's skill trees. At first, you're only healing fellow squaddies, ordering them to boost you with stims and perform critical strikes on outsiders and laser turrets. In time, however, you're pulling healing drones out of thin air and temporarily convincing foes to become friends. You're not stuck with the same two squadmates, but can hire and choose from a variety of them. You can also rename them and customize their physical appearance, which you'd think would keep The Bureau in step with its strategic siblings. But this is one area in which the shooter copies elements of the series, but cannot capture its essence. In 2012's XCOM: Enemy Unknown, your connection with your squad was closely tied to the tension built into every move. Losing a squadmate was devastating not just because you had named her after your girlfriend, but because she played a valuable role on the battlefield--and because you invested a lot of time and mental energy into each element of the skirmish in which you lost her. Unfortunately, The Bureau doesn't capture that tension, nor does it make any given squadmate feel more valuable than any other. Though you can revive a squad member should he fall, it's possible for one or both to perish in battle. In an XCOM strategy game in which you take six soldiers into the field, losing a buddy is a setback you typically push through, hoping the percentages work in favor of your diminished squad. In The Bureau, losing a squadmate makes battle a monotonous slog, making loading the most recent checkpoint the most appealing option. And where you would carefully construct a squad in Enemy Unknown for greatest effectiveness, any old soldiers will do in The Bureau. Once you select your initial squad, there's no pressing reason to use anyone else, unless you want to mix things up just for the sake of doing so. Why can battles be monotonous? It comes down to The Bureau's very blueprint for battle, which has you slowing down the action to a snail's pace so you can issue specific orders to your squad in addition to performing your own special powers. The idea here was to translate turn-based combat into a shooter milieu, but when the mission gets tough, the stop-and-go pacing gets disruptive. Your vulnerable squadmates are dunderheads, thinking nothing of stepping on a mine or into heavy fire, and forcing you to carefully plot their every move during the most challenging battles. Combat gets especially cumbersome when squad members start going down; a single felled soldier can initiate a tedious resurrection loop with you and squadmates reviving each other over and over again rather than doing the fun stuff. When you aren't bogged down by micromanagement, The Bureau can indeed be entertaining. The shooting isn't as snappy as in the best shooters, but there's joy in raising an alien tech commander into the air and zapping it with lasers as it helplessly dangles there. When a sectopod lumbers into the fray, combat can feel perilous as you use your squad members to distract it while you slide into cover and fill it with bullets from behind. The way sectoids spurt neon goo as you shoot them before they spin about and collapse makes them enjoyable to face. The occasional spot of cheekiness also fuels the fun; it's hard not to giggle when you're fighting off little gray men in a small-town car lot advertising its "out of this world" sale with an inflatable alien head atop its roof. You can spend almost as much time roaming XCOM headquarters as you can mowing down evil invaders. Where previous X-COM games allowed your imagination--and the series' own pop-culture portrayals--to fill in narrative gaps, The Bureau dumps plenty of information on you, encouraging you to roam the halls between missions and speak to the tie-wearing scientists and chain-smoking bureaucrats driving the secret anti-invasion effort. At first it's great to soak in the period 1960s atmosphere, admiring touches like the whirring reel-to-reel tape machines and wood-paneled radios that clutter the offices. Just like squad micromanagement, however, roaming XCOM HQ becomes tiresome. You guide conversations using a Mass Effect-like dialogue wheel to get insight into extraterrestrial dangers and increasing tensions between staff members. The Bureau's problem isn't that it has a lot of story, but rather that story points become redundant, with characters repeating many of the same themes in a variety of different ways. (Carter is a loose wire; alien technology is powerful; it's difficult being a woman in a man's world; and so forth.) Choosing dialogue in any order other than top to bottom can result in out-of-sequence communication, which is jarring, and the bizarre facial animations can have you wondering how a mouth in that position could possibly produce the words you are hearing. There is good reason to pay attention to the story, though: an explosive narrative reveal changes the way you see both sides of the conflict, and a subsequent choice makes for a drastic change in the tale's direction. At this point, the plot goes haywire, and it becomes difficult to make sense of any given character's motivation. The disruption is welcome, but what at first makes your jaw drop will have your eyes rolling instead as each story point makes less and less sense. The excellent soundtrack tries its damnedest to sell the ensuing drama both on and off the battlefield, however. The discordant piano motifs and syncopated bongo rhythms would have been at home in any thriller scored by the late Bernard Herrmann. Too bad the rest of the audio design can't keep pace with the soundtrack; sound problems plague The Bureau, from battlefield chatter that doesn't make sense in context, to dialogue that refers to on-screen events that aren't happening. The Bureau: XCOM Declassified mirrors but never masters. When it gets down to the shallow shooting, it fares well, equipping you with some fun futuristic weapons and letting you go to town on nasty intergalactic intruders. But the game gets in its own way, stumbling when it seeks to siphon strategy mechanics into a formula that doesn't support them. The Bureau wants to rocket you into outer space, but it can't escape the gravity of the games that spawned it. System Requirements OS: Windows Vista Service Pack 2 32-bit. Processor: Intel Core 2 DUO 2.4 GHz / AMD Athlon X2 2.7 GHz. Memory: 2 GB RAM. Graphics: DirectX9 Compatible ATI Radeon HD 3870 / NVIDIA 8800 GT. Storage: 12 GB available space. Sound Card: DirectX Compatible.

Done

Puto

Cyber iphone/androi

6x6= 36

2016

9

1358

Nu @N I N J Ax)

7/10

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Our 2 colleagues have a birthday today @#Steeven.™ & @Legends ♛, I hope you have an excellent time today and that your families are with you!