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Grab a handful of soil from the Black Forest in Germany, the Tongass Forest in Alaska, or the Waipoua in New Zealand. Bring it up to your eyes. Do you see? Earth, of course. Smooth, fertile, dark as cocoa powder. Also, pine needles and decaying leaves. Moss or lichen particles. The pale accordion of an inverted mushroom. Perhaps an earthworm squirming to escape the light, or an ant bewildered by the sudden change in altitude. Sue Grayston knows there is much more. Grayston's consecration to the land began in her backyard. When she was a child, in Stockton-on-Tees, England, she helped her mother plant seeds and tend her garden. Constellations of creatures that inhabit the ground At university, where Grayston had access to microscopes, his attention was drawn to constellations of ground-dwelling creatures too tiny to study with the naked eye. He then he knew that he had found his calling. After earning a Ph.D. in microbial ecology from the University of Sheffield in 1987, she worked for an agricultural biotechnology company in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, after which she obtained a research position at the Macaulay Land Use Research Institute (now the Land Use Research Institute). James Hutton) in Scotland. There she collaborated with botanical ecologists and put down the roots of a project that would keep her engrossed for much of her career: the complex links that exist between the smallest inhabitants of the soil and the largest, microbes and trees. Forming your own kingdom By combining groundbreaking field studies with sophisticated genetic sequencing techniques, Grayston and other ecologists have created a much richer portrait of a society hiding on the forest floor; a community that is generally invisible and whose absence would collapse the ecosystem. “ALTHOUGH MUCH OF THE BIODIVERSITY IS UNDERGROUND, WE DON'T KNOW MUCH ABOUT IT”, she ACKNOWLEDGES GRAYSTON. "HOWEVER, THAT STARTED TO CHANGE OVER THE LAST COUPLE OF DECADES." Deep below the trees, strings of filamentous fungi join their roots to form mycorrhizal networks through which trees exchange water, food, and information. Single-celled amoebae coalesce to create a shape-shifting mass known as slime mold, which flows in or with the soil and traps bacteria and fungi. Springtails – tiny arthropods – swarm aimlessly; sometimes they catapult more than 20 times their length in a fraction of a second. Oribatid mites stumble across what to them might be mountains and canyons, but they don't make more than the equivalent of half a bowling alley in their lifetime, which usually lasts about a year and a half. OTHER CREATURES ARE SO TINY THAT THEY CAN ONLY MOVE BY WRIKING OR “PADDING” THROUGH THE THIN LAYERS OF WATER COVERING PLANTS AND GROUND PARTICLES. THESE ODD BEINGS INCLUDE TRANSPARENT NEMATODES, SPRINKLE-SHAPED ROTIFERANS WITH SWIRLING CROWN OF HAIRY FIBERS THAT PULL FOOD INTO THEIR VASE-LIKE BODIES, AND TARDIGRADES THAT LOOK LIKE GUMMY BEARS, BUT WITH EIGHT-CLAWED LEGS AND SPINED SUCTION TUBES INSTEAD MOUTH. Smaller still are the protozoa: a diverse group of single-celled organisms that sometimes move by waving their many appendages or contorting their gelatinous interiors. On the forest floor there are also many types of bacteria and archaea, which, although they are similar in appearance to the former, form their own kingdom. A single gram of forest soil can contain up to a billion bacteria, a million fungi, hundreds of thousands of protozoa, and nearly a thousand nematodes. The earth is not, as was once believed, an inert substance that trees and plants cling to in order to extract whatever they need. It is increasingly clear that it is a dynamic network of habitats and organisms; an immense and changing fabric created with the threads of countless species. The earth itself is alive. What happens above, is reflected below Grayston and other environmentalists argue that this modern vision calls for substantial changes to forestry: they found that clearcutting is a practice that causes more extensive and lasting damage than previously imagined. It is not enough to take into account that cutting down a tree alters the forest from the trunk up; to be truly sustainable, forestry must also deal with the consequences that affect everything below. Billions of years ago our planet had no land, only a rocky crust that rain, wind and ice gradually wore away. As microbes, fungi, lichens, and plants po[CENSORED]ted everything, they accelerated the erosion of the rock by gouging it out, dissolving it with secreted acids, and breaking it down with roots. When the Earth had no land At the same time, decaying life enriched the mineral crust with organic matter. The first recognizable forest lands appear in the fossil record during the Devonian period, between 420 and 360 million years ago. Today, the planet's soils continue to be present in all ecosystems. The forest floor is full of essential nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium. Without the daily activities of tiny creatures, many of those items would be inaccessible, Grayston and his colleagues point out. When plants photosynthesize and convert the sun's energy into carbon-filled molecules, they exude some of these compounds through their roots into the soil, where certain organisms consume them. In return, mycorrhizal fungi and certain root microbes help the roots absorb water and nutrients and convert chemically recalcitrant forms of nitrogen into molecules they can use. Once plants wither and die, worms, arthropods, fungi, and microbes break down those tissues into smaller elements and return their nutrients to the soil. At the same time, the continuous movement of tiny animals mixes different layers of soil, distributes nutrients and maintains ventilation. By digesting huge amounts of soil, worms, slugs, and arthropods soak the soil in organic matter and help particles stick together, improving soil structure. The forest as a single 'All' In 2000, while working for the Macaulay Institute, Grayston traveled to Tuttlingen, a German city on the Danube River, to investigate Black Forest soils with his colleagues. Noted for its forested mountains, this 6,000-square-kilometer region in the southwestern part of the country has long been prized by the mining and logging industries. The researchers visited some sites noted for their 70- to 80-year-old beech trees, with supple silvery bark and twisted trunks. Some of the areas the team examined have been subject to logging for a long time, while others were more or less intact. Grayston used a sampling auger to extract soil from different sites in the forest, stored the samples in ice chests and brought them back to Scotland for closer study. Laboratory tests and cell cultures revealed that intensive extraction had significantly reduced the abundance of microbes in one area of the forest. Although at the time these were promising connections, the details were rather fuzzy. However, over the past two decades, Grayston and other scientists have learned much more about the interdependence of plants and soil microbes, and the importance of these relationships to forest ecosystems as a whole. Uniform logging had decreased soil biodiversity Grayston moved to Vancouver in 2003 to become a professor of soil microbial ecology at the University of British Columbia, where she has worked ever since. This is where she and her collaborators have delved into research on how different types of forestry transform soil microbial communities. Much of her studies compare three types of felling: Standard (uniform), which removes all trees from a given site With reservations, in which certain groups are preserved Selective, which removes specific individual trees, maintaining an even distribution To test the health of the soil, Grayston and her colleagues buried nylon mesh bags filled with fine roots in patches of forest that had been logged in different ways. They left the roots to be decomposed by tiny animals, fungi, and microbes, digging them up within a few months to several years. In the laboratory, the researchers performed various tests to identify the organisms associated with the roots and determine what their level of activity had been. In many cases, uniform felling had decreased soil biodiversity and impaired nutrient cycles. Intensive logging also frequently altered the po[CENSORED]tions of the soil communities, allowing a more or less small number of species to dominate. However, not all extraction methods were found to be equally harmful. Microbial abundance, diversity, and activity remained relatively high in areas that had uniformly lost trees. In regions that had been reduced to groups of trees, the researchers only found equally robust and lively communities of microbes in close proximity to them. The farther they went, the less life there was on the ground. Damage goes in a range of 10 meters Related research studying the flux of carbon through tree roots revealed that a tree's or group's zone of influence—where it supplies carbon-rich molecules to microbes and other organisms tiny – extends about 10 meters on average. The benefit of keeping a few trees on empty land, even in large groups, is limited. Outside a range of 10 meters around these plant islands, microbial po[CENSORED]tions will be impaired. Grayston explains that selective logging is better for soil health, as it typically conserves a tree almost every 15 meters, allowing their roots and respective buffer zones to overlap to provide carbon for the trees. microbes. Although selective logging methods are gaining prominence in some regions of the world, standard logging is still widely practiced in North America because it is more efficient, costs less, and requires less complex machinery. For the same reasons, reserve logging is often preferred over selective logging. What awaits forests in the near future? “WE MUST RECONSIDER OUR FORESTRY PRACTICES”, CONSIDERS PETR BALDRIAN, ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGIST AT THE INSTITUTE OF MICROBIOLOGY OF THE CZECH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. UNIFORM LOGGING IS VERY ECONOMIC, BUT IT HAS A HUGE COST TO THE LAND; WE HAVE TO FIND A BALANCE BETWEEN THE NEEDS OF THE INDUSTRY AND THOSE OF THE FOREST”. Reflecting on the future of the planet's forests – and its soils, in particular – Grayston is both excited and concerned. She is excited by the great mystery of everything that remains to be discovered; which is basically why she decided to study microscopic life. "We've come a long way," she says, "but we still don't know who is really active at certain times or which specific organisms are essential for different processes in the soil." At the same time, he is concerned about the continuing deterioration of forests due to over-logging, poor land management and the effects of climate change. Because the Earth's overlapping ecosystems are so interconnected and so critical to the survival of complex life, the damage we do to the planet's trees and soils ultimately affects us as well. “IF WE DIDN'T HAVE THE MICROORGANISMS IN THE SOIL, THE GARBAGE WOULD BE UP TO THE KNEES,” SAYS GRAYSTON. “WITHOUT THEM, LIFE ON EARTH WOULD END. THEY DON'T NEED US FOR ANYTHING, BUT WE WOULDN'T GET VERY FAR WITHOUT THEM.” https://www.ngenespanol.com/animales/que-animales-microscopicos-viven-en-la-tierra-de-los-bosques/

The fifth generation of the SEAT Ibiza recently debuted in Chile some half-life improvements that make it an interesting alternative in the European hatchback segment. Now the model has standard LED lights and new wheels, as well as the new model nomenclature, written in handwriting. The big changes come inside, with a completely remodeled proposal. Its size of 4.05 meters and its 355-liter capacity trunk are preserved. Although the range still retains the older 1.6 aspirated engines, a version with a 115 Hp 1.0 Turbo engine and a seven-speed DSG box debuts. It comes standard with six airbags, ESP, a multimedia system with an 8.25" screen, multifunction steering wheel, air conditioning and a complete electrical pack. It is manufactured in Spain. https://www.autocosmos.cl/autos/hatchbacks-compactos

The daughter of a close ally of Russia's President Vladimir Putin has been killed in a suspected car bombing. Darya Dugina, 29, died after an explosion on a road outside Moscow, Russia's investigative committee said. It is thought her father, the Russian philosopher Alexander Dugin, who is known as "Putin's brain", may have been the intended target of the attack. Mr Dugin is a prominent ultra-nationalist ideologue who is believed to be close to the Russian president. Alexander Dugin and his daughter had been at a festival near Moscow, where the philosopher gave a lecture on Saturday evening. The "Tradition" festival describes itself as a family event for art lovers which takes place at the Zakharovo estate, where Russian poet Alexander Pushkin once stayed. The pair were due to leave the venue in the same car, before Mr Dugin reportedly made a decision at the last minute to travel separately. Footage posted on Telegram appears to show Mr Dugin watching in shock as emergency services arrive at the scene of the burning wreck of a vehicle. Investigators confirmed that Ms Dugina, who was driving the car, died at the scene near the village of Bolshiye Vyazemy. They said an explosive device planted under the car went off and the vehicle caught fire. Forensic and explosive experts are investigating. A Ukrainian official has dismissed accusations of Ukrainian involvement in the incident. "Ukraine, of course, has nothing to do with this, because we are not a criminal state, which is the Russian Federation, and even less a terrorist state," said Mykhailo Podolyak, an adviser to President Volodymyr Zelensky. Maria Zakharova, spokeswoman for Russia's foreign ministry, said in a Telegram post that if any Ukrainian link was found it would amount to "state terrorism". Analysis By Will Vernon, BBC Moscow While Alexander Dugin is not a state official himself, he is nevertheless a symbolic figure in Russian politics. His anti-Western, ultranationalist philosophy has become the dominant political ideology in Russia and has helped shape President Putin's expansionist foreign policy, most prominently on Ukraine. Attention will now turn to who was behind this attack. Denis Pushilin, the "head" of the self-declared pro-Russian "Donetsk People's Republic", has already laid the blame on Ukraine, writing on Telegram: "Vile villains! The terrorists of the Ukrainian regime, trying to eliminate Alexander Dugin, blew up his daughter… In a car. We cherish the memory of Daria, she is a real Russian girl!" Incidents like this will make officials in Moscow nervous, especially in the aftermath of a series of explosions and attacks in occupied Crimea and in Russian regions near the border with Ukraine. Kremlin propaganda consistently stresses how Vladimir Putin has brought security and stability in Russia following the turbulent 1990s, when car bombs and assassinations were commonplace. This car bomb in the Russian capital undermines that narrative. Despite not holding an official position in government, Alexander Dugin is believed to be a close ally of the Russian president and has even been branded "Putin's Rasputin". Darya Dugina was herself a prominent journalist who vocally supported the invasion of Ukraine. Earlier this year she was sanctioned by US and UK authorities, who accused her of contributing to online "disinformation" about Russia's invasion. In May, she described the war as a "clash of civilisations" in an interview and expressed pride in the fact that both she and her father had been targeted by Western sanctions. Alexander Dugin was sanctioned by the US in 2015 for his alleged involvement in Russia's annexation of Crimea. His writings are said to have had a deep influence on Mr Putin and the philosopher is regarded as a chief architect of the ultra-nationalist ideology endorsed by many in the Kremlin. For years, Mr Dugin has called on Moscow to assert itself more aggressively on the global stage and has supported Russian military action in Ukraine. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-62621509

Live Performance Title: L'Wew - Loco (feat Syc) Signer Name:- Live Performance Location: - Official YouTube Link: Your Opinion About the Track (Music Video):-

Music Title: SYC - SAHELL Signer: - Release Date: 22/08/22 Official Youtube Link: Informations About The Signer:- Your Opinion About The Track (Music Video):10/10

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The epaulet shark breaks all the rules for marine predators in Australia: it learns to walk before it learns to swim. Barely a meter long, the epaulet shark roams calmly over Australian coral reefs. Unlike its other cousins, with whom the ecosystem cohabits, the species developed feet and fins at the same time. For this reason, according to a study conducted recently by Florida Atlantic University, the animal learns to walk before slipping between ocean currents. Also known by its scientific name, Hemiscyllium ocellatum, it was listed as a benthic shark. The researchers were amazed to realize that the epaulet shark is capable of walking on reefs, but also out of the water. To do this, the authors write in a statement, they move "their body and pushing with their paddle-shaped fins." The epaulette shark is found south of the Great Barrier Reef of Australia. In addition to its impressive ability to walk under and out of water, researchers at Florida Atlantic University discovered that it is capable of withstanding extreme environmental conditions. Not only does it adapt to the high temperatures of the Australian oceans —increasingly higher, due to the climate crisis—, but it also endures long periods without oxygen: "SURPRISINGLY, THIS WALKING SHARK IS ABLE TO SURVIVE COMPLETE ANOXIA (NO OXYGEN) FOR TWO HOURS WITHOUT ADVERSE EFFECTS AND AT A MUCH HIGHER TEMPERATURE THAN MOST OTHER HYPOXIA-TOLERANT ANIMALS," THE RESEARCHERS EXPLAIN. And what's more: the epaulet shark learns to walk before it learns to swim. From very early stages of its development, it uses its flat fins to propel itself over coral and sand. Thus, they manage to enter the corals to hunt worms, crustaceans and small fish. However, scientists say that this adaptability has limits. While it is true that they are versatile in terms of how much oxygen they need to live, the changing conditions of coral reefs in Australia threaten their survival. There is still no evidence to support that its physiognomy will be able to withstand the devastation of its natural habitat. https://www.ngenespanol.com/animales/descubren-un-extrano-tiburon-australiano-con-patas-que-puede-caminar/

One of the world's leading players in the B-segment is this French hatchback that was born in 2012 (updated to Phase 2 in 2016) and since then has been a sales success for the lion brand. It has a varied motorization offer: a 1.2-liter PureTech petrol block with two power levels: 82 and 110 Hp, associated with a five-speed manual gearbox for the first or a six-speed automatic gearbox for the most powerful, both offered in a single trim level, Signature. While the other alternative is the 1.5-liter BlueHDi diesel engine capable of delivering 100 hp and 250 Nm of torque at 1,750 laps. This option can be found in two trim levels: Signature and Signature +. The latter differs by adding to its standard equipment: side airbags, 16" alloy wheels with diamond-cut Titane design, panoramic glass roof with "black out" curtain. https://www.autocosmos.cl/autos/hatchbacks-compactos

Somali forces claim to have defeated the militants who stormed a hotel in the capital after a bloody siege. At least 12 people were killed in the deadly 30-hour ordeal, although local media reports the death toll could be even higher. The assailants used explosives to gain entry to Mogadishu's Hayat Hotel on Friday before violently taking control and holding guests hostage overnight. Islamist extremist group al-Shabab has taken responsibility for the attack. "The security forces have ended the siege now and the gunmen are dead, we've had no incoming gunfire from the building in the past hour," an unnamed official told AFP news agency. The hotel has been largely destroyed following intense bombardment by security forces throughout Friday night and Saturday, with videos showing explosions and smoke billowing from the building's rooftop. The BBC has not been able to confirm independently whether the attack has ended. Who are Somalia's al-Shabab? A police officer told Reuters that two car bombs had been used to gain access to the hotel on Friday evening - targeting its front barrier and gate. After the initial attack, a website affiliated to al-Shabab said a group of militants were "carrying out random shootings" after having "forcibly entered" the hotel - described as a po[CENSORED]r location for employees of the federal government to meet. "So far, we have confirmed 12 people, mostly civilians, died," Mohammed, an intelligence officer who gave only one name, told Reuters news agency on Saturday. Security forces struggled to gain access to the floor for hours because the gunmen, who were holding an unknown number of people hostage, had reportedly bombed out the stairs needed for access as well. The director of Mogadishu's main trauma hospital told AFP news agency that the facility was treating at least 40 people wounded in the hotel attack and a separate mortar strike on another area of the capital. An affiliate of al-Qaeda, al-Shabab has engaged in a long-running conflict with the federal government. The group controls much of southern and central Somalia, but has been able to extend its influence into areas controlled by the government based in Mogadishu. In recent weeks, fighters affiliated with the group have also attacked targets along the Somalia-Ethiopia border, which has raised concerns about a possible new strategy by al-Shabab. The attack on Friday marks the first in the capital by the group since Somalia's new president, Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, was elected in May. You might also be interested in: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62621205

Live Performance Title: Naha Signer Name:- Live Performance Location: - Official YouTube Link: Your Opinion About the Track (Music Video):-

Music Title: SNOR - NASA ft Tagne & Stormy Signer: - Release Date: 21/08/22 Official Youtube Link: Informations About The Signer:- Your Opinion About The Track (Music Video):10/10

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