NANO

The kernel is a computer program that is the core of a computer's operating system, with complete control over everything in the system.On most systems, it is one of the first programs loaded on start-up (after the bootloader). It handles the rest of start-up as well as input/output requests from software, translating them into data-processing instructions for the central processing unit. It handles memory and peripherals like keyboards, monitors, printers, and speakers.The critical code of the kernel is usually loaded into a separate area of memory, which is protected from access by application programs or other, less critical parts of the operating system. The kernel performs its tasks, such as running processes, managing hardware devices such as the hard disk, and handling interrupts, in this protected kernel space. In contrast, everything a user does is in user space: writing text in a text editor, running programs in a GUI, etc. This separation prevents user data and kernel data from interfering with each other and causing instability and slowness,as well as preventing malfunctioning application programs from crashing the entire operating system. The kernel's interface is a low-level abstraction layer. When a process makes requests of the kernel, it is called a system call. Kernel designs differ in how they manage these system calls and resources. A monolithic kernel runs all the operating system instructions in the same address space for speed. A microkernel runs most processes in user space,for modularity.The kernel's primary function is to mediate access to the computer's resources, including:The central processing unit (CPU) This central component of a computer system is responsible for running or executing programs. The kernel takes responsibility for deciding at any time which of the many running programs should be allocated to the processor or processors. Random-access memory (RAM) Random-access memory is used to store both program instructions and data. Typically, both need to be present in memory in order for a program to execute. Often multiple programs will want access to memory, frequently demanding more memory than the computer has available. The kernel is responsible for deciding which memory each process can use, and determining what to do when not enough memory is available. Input/output (I/O) devices I/O devices include such peripherals as keyboards, mice, disk drives, printers, USB devices, network adapters, and display devices. The kernel allocates requests from applications to perform I/O to an appropriate device and provides convenient methods for using the device (typically abstracted to the point where the application does not need to know implementation details of the device). Resource Management Key aspects necessary in resource management are the definition of an execution domain (address space) and the protection mechanism used to mediate access to the resources within a domain.Kernels also provide methods for synchronization and inter-process communication (IPC). These implementations may be within the Kernel itself or the kernel can also rely on other processes it is running. Although the kernel must provide inter-process communication in order to provide access to the facilities provided by each other, kernels must also provide running programs with a method to make requests to access these facilities. Memory management Further information: Memory management (operating systems) The kernel has full access to the system's memory and must allow processes to safely access this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is virtual addressing, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given physical address appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other.On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main memory (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the CPU signals to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as demand paging. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, although some research kernels (e.g. Singularity) take other approaches.

It is the corruption probe that has left politicians around the world looking over their shoulders. Prosecutors in a dozen countries are untangling a massive web of corruption that ran across a continent and further afield. Illegal payments may have sloshed through presidential campaigns, boosted the careers of political top brass in country after country, and oiled the wheels of worldwide construction projects including motorways, gas pipelines and hydroelectric dams. If you have never heard of a company called Odebrecht, you probably do not live in Latin America. It is a Brazilian construction giant behind venues for the 2016 Olympics, infrastructure for the 2014 World Cup and the metro system in Caracas, plus dams and airport terminals further afield. But anti-corruption investigators caught up with the company, and it admitted paying bribes in more than half of the countries in Latin America, as well as in Angola and Mozambique in Africa.Odebrecht played a game of quid pro quo: I will help you pay for your election campaign if you make sure I get that building contract. In country after country, it is alleged that Odebrecht employees made connections with those in power and those who looked like they would be getting into power soon. They did not restrict themselves to those of any particular political hue. Almost a third of Brazil's government ministers who served under former president, Michel Temer, have faced investigation, including his foreign minister and chief of staff. The predecessor of current far-right President Jair Bolsonaro, who was arrested and released in a separate corruption case last month, is facing investigation in relation to Odebrecht. He denied all allegations of corruption and accused the country's judiciary of heeding rumours and destroying reputations. The vice-president of Ecuador, Jorge Glas, became the highest-ranking government official to be convicted in the scandal when he was sentenced in December 2017 to six years in jail. Prosecutors said he took $13.5m (£10.2m) in bribes from Odebrecht. One of the biggest corporate corruption cases in history Who's who and what's what in corruption probe Colombia charged a former vice-minister for transport and a former senator. The man who ran the election campaign of the former president, Juan Manuel Santos, has alleged it was financed with irregular Odebrecht payments. Mr Santos, who is a Nobel Peace Prize winner, said he did not authorise any payments or know about them.Next door in Venezuela, former chief prosecutor Luisa Ortega has fled the country after being sacked. She alleges that President Nicolás Maduro is implicated and that a top court is blocking an investigation. Odebrecht has denied her other allegation - that they paid $100m (£76.5m) to the socialist party's vice-president, Diosdado Cabello. Venezuela has taken unfinished projects away from Odebrecht and blocked the company's bank accounts. In Peru, four ex-presidents have been placed under investigation. Ollanta Humala and his wife Nadine Herediaare are facing potentially lengthy prison sentences for allegedly receiving payments to fund his presidential campaigns in 2006 and 2011. Alan García, who served as president from 1985 to 1990 and again from 2006 to 2011, killed himself with a bullet to the head on April 17 as police came to arrest him over claims he took bribes from Odebrecht. Former President Alejandro Toledo, accused of taking $20m in bribes, is thought to be living in the US and the Peruvian government has put up a $30,000 reward for information leading to his arrest. Staying with Peru, opposition leader Keiko Fujimori has come under preliminary investigation. The attorney general says a note found on Marcelo Odebrecht's mobile phone implicates her. She denied receiving money from the company. Panama charged 17 people including government officials, and charged Odebrecht $59m in compensation. A lawyer from Mossack Fonseca - the firm at the centre of the Panama Papers leak - accused President Juan Carlos Varela of receiving Odebrecht donations. Mr Varela denies all wrongdoing. Mexico summoned a former director of state oil company Pemex and other employees to give evidence over alleged Odebrecht bribes, while the Dominican Republic asked Odebrecht for $184m compensation over the next eight years. Chile started an investigation and seized documents from the Odebrecht offices, while the firm agreed to pay Guatemala $17.9m in compensation for bribes paid to an official for public work, the attorney general's office said in January. And Brazilian newspaper O Globo reports (in Portuguese) that 29 countries, including Sweden, the US, France and the UK asked Brazil for help with their own Odebrecht investigations. Who is serving jail time? Ecuador's vice-president Jorge Glas is serving a six-year term after he was convicted of taking $13.5m (£10.2m) in bribes from the firm. Former CEO Marcelo Odebrecht started a 19-year jail term in 2016 after being convicted of paying more than $30m (£21m) in bribes to officials in Brazil's state oil company in exchange for contracts and influence.More than 70 other Odebrecht executives were jailed but have agreed to plea deals, that is they agreed to provide information in exchange for more lenient sentences. Some are already out of jail and serving their sentences at home. How they did it: The bribery department The epicentre of the operation had a much more run-of-the-mill name, the Division of Structured Operations, but it was essentially the bribery department. Employees spent their time bribing government officials and political parties at home and abroad, to win business. The company has admitted this to US, Brazilian and Swiss prosecutors. Money went through as many as four bank accounts in countries with good banking secrecy laws before getting to a recipient, usually an intermediary to someone with political power. When the department's employees wanted to communicate, they used a system unconnected to the main computer systems, to avoid detection. And they gave their recipients flippant codenames: Dracula, Sauerkraut, Decrepit, Totally Ugly. One politician, whose wife was 40 years younger than him, got the codename Viagra. What effect has the scandal had? Protesters have hit the streets over the Odebrecht case in country after country, and the chain of events has brought corruption to the top of news agendas and prosecutors' agendas. They are "clamouring for justice", political analyst Geovanny Vicente Romero told "Protesters are demanding people be held responsible for the negligence and corruption that are part and parcel of the historic inequalities in many of the region's countries," he said. "Overall, people hope that the Odebrecht case will set a precedent so that these situations can be avoided in the future." What has happened to Odebrecht since? The value of Odebrecht bonds was sliced. The downturn in construction that went alongside this contributed to a downturn in the Brazilian economy and the credit ratings agency Standard and Poor's cut the company to the lowest grading. It has recovered somewhat but is still far from excellent. The investigations have even contributed to economic downturn in Brazil, and Peru shaved almost a point off its growth forecasts for 2017, which the government blamed on "the Odebrecht effect". The company's website makes no mention of the scandal, but notes that "sweeping and profound changes in its transformation process" were undertaken in 2018, including the replacement of practically the entire Board of Directors to bring "greater diversity." And there have been two CEOs since Marcelo Odebrecht was jailed - but tellingly, neither has had the surname Odebrecht. Correction 26 September 2017: This article has been amended to remove a reference to Gaston Browne, the Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda. It was based on an interview in the Spanish newspaper El Pais. However, the paper has said its original source has not provided any evidence to support the allegations.

Mansoor Aslam Khan Niazi known professionally as Sami Khan, is a Pakistani actor and model. He started his career with film Salakhain and then moved to television. He is the recipient of Tarang Housefull award, PTV Award and Tamgha-e-Imtiaz.He was born on July 6, 1980 in Lahore, Pakistan, and graduated as an electrical engineer from UET in 2003, even though he did not work as one as he landed a role in a film.His brother Taifoor Khan, a NCA graduate, is also an actor and model, while also being a musician who had his own successful band till 2008, Jadoo.Khan made his Lollywood debut in 2004 with Salakhain,where he portrayed the role of a young police officer named Mansoor. His debut drama serial was Dil se Dil Tak which was originally broadcast on PTV. Khan won the award for Best Actor in the 16th PTV awards ceremony, held on July 23, 2011 for drama serial Ghar Ki Khatir.He is also the recipient of the Tamgha-e-Imtiaz (which is the fourth highest civilian award), in the Performing Arts Category in 2012. He was also nominated for Best Actor at Lux Style Awards for his outstanding performance in drama series Main (2013).In the first half of 2013, Khan appeared in the telefilm Devar Bhabhi directed by Sayed Noor. He played the role of Khalid, along with Saima Noor and Sadia Khan, a remake of the 1967 film of the same name.Khan won Best Actor (Leading Role) for Devar Bhabhi.He has also performed in the dramas Dil se Dil Tak, Sitam, Chaap, Angles, Apney Hue Paraye, Tootay Huay Par, Maaye-Ni and Me Gunehgar Nahi.His notable work include Jinnah Ke Naam (2009), Gharr Ki Khatir (2010), Sirat e Mustaqeem (2012), Do Qadam Door Thay (2014), Piya Man Bhaye (2015), Dhaani (Geo TV) (2016), Rasm E Duniya (2017), Be Inteha (Serial) (2017), Toh Dil Ka Kia Hua (2017), Aisi Hai Tanhai (2017), Khudgarz (2017) and Woh Mera Dil Tha (2018). He is the recipient of Tarang Houseful award, PTV Award and Tamgha-e-Imtiaz.

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By: Filmora Video Editor

Flame,also known as Flamer, sKyWIper,and Skywiper,is modular computer malware discovered in 2012 that attacks computers running the Microsoft Windows operating system.The program is being used for targeted cyber espionage in Middle Eastern countries.Its discovery was announced on 28 May 2012 by MAHER Center of Iranian National Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT),Kaspersky Lab and CrySyS Lab of the Budapest University of Technology and Economics.The last of these stated in its report that Flame "is certainly the most sophisticated malware we encountered during our practice; arguably, it is the most complex malware ever found."Flame can spread to other systems over a local network (LAN) or via USB stick. It can record audio, screenshots, keyboard activity and network traffic.The program also records Skype conversations and can turn infected computers into Bluetooth beacons which attempt to download contact information from nearby Bluetooth-enabled devices.This data, along with locally stored documents, is sent on to one of several command and control servers that are scattered around the world. The program then awaits further instructions from these servers.According to estimates by Kaspersky in May 2012, Flame had initially infected approximately 1,000 machines,with victims including governmental organizations, educational institutions and private individuals.At that time 65% of the infections happened in Iran, Israel, Palestine, Sudan, Syria, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt,with a "huge majority of targets" within Iran.Flame has also been reported in Europe and North America.Flame supports a "kill" command which wipes all traces of the malware from the computer. The initial infections of Flame stopped operating after its public exposure, and the "kill" command was sent.Flame is linked to the Equation Group by Kaspersky Lab. However, Costin Raiu, the director of Kaspersky Lab's global research and analysis team, believes the group only cooperates with the creators of Flame and Stuxnet from a position of superiority: "Equation Group are definitely the masters, and they are giving the others, maybe, bread crumbs. From time to time they are giving them some goodies to integrate into Stuxnet and Flame."Flame (a.k.a. Da Flame) was identified in May 2012 by MAHER Center of Iranian National CERT, Kaspersky Lab and CrySyS Lab (Laboratory of Cryptography and System Security) of the Budapest University of Technology and Economics when Kaspersky Lab was asked by the United Nations International Telecommunication Union to investigate reports of a virus affecting Iranian Oil Ministry computers.As Kaspersky Lab investigated, they discovered an MD5 hash and filename that appeared only on customer machines from Middle Eastern nations. After discovering more pieces, researchers dubbed the program "Flame" after one of the main modules inside the toolkit.According to Kaspersky, Flame had been operating in the wild since at least February 2010.CrySyS Lab reported that the file name of the main component was observed as early as December 2007.However, its creation date could not be determined directly, as the creation dates for the malware's modules are falsely set to dates as early as 1994.Computer experts consider it the cause of an attack in April 2012 that caused Iranian officials to disconnect their oil terminals from the Internet.At the time the Iranian Students News Agency referred to the malware that caused the attack as "Wiper", a name given to it by the malware's creator.However, Kaspersky Lab believes that Flame may be "a separate infection entirely" from the Wiper malware. Due to the size and complexity of the program—described as "twenty times" more complicated than Stuxnet—the Lab stated that a full analysis could require as long as ten years.On 28 May, Iran's CERT announced that it had developed a detection program and a removal tool for Flame, and had been distributing these to "select organizations" for several weeks.After Flame's exposure in news media, Symantec reported on 8 June that some Flame command and control (C&C) computers had sent a "suicide" command to infected PCs to remove all traces of Flame. According to estimates by Kaspersky in May 2012, initially Flame had infected approximately 1,000 machines,with victims including governmental organizations, educational institutions and private individuals.At that time the countries most affected were Iran, Israel, the Palestinian Territories, Sudan, Syria, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt.

By: Howfinity

AutoCAD is a commercial computer-aided design (CAD) and drafting software application. Developed and marketed by Autodesk,AutoCAD was first released in December 1982 as a desktop app running on microcomputers with internal graphics controllers.Before AutoCAD was introduced, most commercial CAD programs ran on mainframe computers or minicomputers, with each CAD operator (user) working at a separate graphics terminal.Since 2010, AutoCAD was released as a mobile- and web app as well, marketed as AutoCAD 360. AutoCAD is used in the industry, by architects, project managers, engineers, graphic designers, city planners and other professionals. It was supported by 750 training centers worldwide in 1994.AutoCAD was derived from a program that began in 1977, and then released in 1979 called Interact CAD,also referred to in early Autodesk documents as MicroCAD, which was written prior to Autodesk's (then Marinchip Software Partners) formation by Autodesk cofounder Michael Riddle.The first version by Autodesk was demonstrated at the 1982 Comdex and released that December. AutoCAD supported CP/M-80 computers.As Autodesk's flagship product, by March 1986 AutoCAD had become the most ubiquitous CAD program worldwide.The 2020 release marked the 34th major release of AutoCAD for Windows. The 2019 release marked the ninth consecutive year of AutoCAD for Mac. The native file format of AutoCAD is .dwg. This and, to a lesser extent, its interchange file format DXF, have become de facto, if proprietary, standards for CAD data interoperability, particularly for 2D drawing exchange.AutoCAD has included support for .dwf, a format developed and promoted by Autodesk, for publishing CAD data.ESRI ArcMap 10 permits export as AutoCAD drawing files. Civil 3D permits export as AutoCAD objects and as LandXML. Third-party file converters exist for specific formats such as Bentley MX GENIO Extension, PISTE Extension (France), ISYBAU (Germany), OKSTRA and Microdrainage (UK);also, conversion of .pdf files is feasible, however, the accuracy of the results may be unpredictable or distorted. For example, jagged edges may appear. Several vendors provide online conversions for free such as Cometdocs.autoCAD commonly use in all purposes.Auto CAD and AutoCAD LT are available for English, German, French, Italian, Spanish, Korean, Chinese Simplified, Chinese Traditional, Brazilian Portuguese, Russian, Czech, Polish and Hungarian, Albanian (also through additional language packs).The extent of localization varies from full translation of the product to documentation only. The AutoCAD command set is localized as a part of the software localization.AutoCAD supports a number of APIs for customization and automation. These include AutoLISP, Visual LISP, VBA, .NET and ObjectARX. ObjectARX is a C++ class library, which was also the base for: products extending AutoCAD functionality to specific fields creating products such as AutoCAD Architecture, AutoCAD Electrical, AutoCAD Civil 3D third-party AutoCAD-based application There are a large number of AutoCAD plugins (add-on applications) available on the application store Autodesk Exchange Apps.AutoCAD's DXF, drawing exchange format, allows importing and exporting drawing information.Autodesk has also developed a few vertical programs for discipline-specific enhancements such as: AutoCAD Advance Steel AutoCAD Architecture AutoCAD CIVIL 3D AutoCAD Electrical AutoCAD ecscad AutoCAD Map 3D AutoCAD Mech AutoCAD MEP AutoCAD Structural Detailing AutoCAD Utility Design AutoCAD P&ID AutoCAD Plant 3D Since AutoCAD 2019 several verticals are included with AutoCAD subscription as Industry-Specific Toolset. For example, AutoCAD Architecture (formerly Architectural Desktop) permits architectural designers to draw 3D objects, such as walls, doors, and windows, with more intelligent data associated with them rather than simple objects, such as lines and circles. The data can be programmed to represent specific architectural products sold in the construction industry, or extracted into a data file for pricing, materials estimation, and other values related to the objects represented. Additional tools generate standard 2D drawings, such as elevations and sections, from a 3D architectural model. Similarly, Civil Design, Civil Design 3D, and Civil Design Professional support data-specific objects facilitating easy standard civil engineering calculations and representations. Softdesk Civil was developed as an AutoCAD add-on by a company in New Hampshire called Softdesk (originally DCA). Softdesk was acquired by Autodesk, and Civil became Land Development Desktop (LDD), later renamed Land Desktop. Civil 3D was later developed and Land Desktop was retired.

New Zealand's former top military official in the US has been found guilty of planting a secret camera in a unisex bathroom at the country's embassy in Washington DC. Alfred Keating faces up to 18 months in prison for attempting to make an intimate visual recording. Keating's DNA matched traces found on the SD card in the camera, which appeared to have been in place for many months. He will be sentenced on 25 June. Taped under the radiator Formerly in the Royal New Zealand Navy, Keating was the highest ranking official at New Zealand's US embassy when the camera was discovered in 2017. Because he was a foreign official, New Zealand was responsible for Mr Keating's trial, despite the offence taking place in the US. In April, Auckland District Court heard that the camera had been hidden in a heating duct, and was found by an embassy worker when it fell onto the floor. The man initially thought it was a memory drive, but then noticed a tiny camera lens and the brand of the camera, BrickHouse Security. Investigations of Keating's laptop showed he had accessed the website of BrickHouse security, a company which sells hidden video cameras. A homemade mount was also found taped under the radiator, covered in a layer of dust, suggesting the camera had been in place for some time. The camera was sent back to New Zealand for investigation by police, who found over 700 deleted files and 20 existing files on the memory card. They found 19 images of people using the bathroom over a period of five hours. Keating had pleaded not guilty to the charges. He also sought to have his name suppressed, arguing that revealing his identity would cause his family "extreme hardship". The request was dismissed. His lawyer Ron Mansfield criticised the methods used to test for DNA, saying the evidence had been contaminated because several other embassy staff members had also handled the device after it was found. He also called the investigation "inept and incomplete".

Aiman Khan born on 20 November 1998) is a Pakistani television actress. She has established a career in the Urdu television industry.Khan has a sister, Minal Khan, who is also a television actress. Khan married Muneeb Butt in Karachi on 21 November 2018.Year Film Role Director Notes Refs 2012 Mohabbat Jaye Bhar Mein Rani Mazhar Moin Television Debut 2013 Meri Beti Rida Badar Mehmood 2013 Mann Ke Moti Sehrish Babar Javed 2013 Behadd Sara Asim Raza Television film starring Fawad Khan and Sajal Ali in lead 2014 Joru Ka Ghulam Anaya Ahson Talish 2014 Digest Writer Shakeela Syed Ahmed Kamran 2015 Bay Qasoor Seher Syed Atif Hussain 2015 Khatoon Manzil Kukku Mazhar Moin 2015 Sehra Main Safar Anaya Azfar Ali 2015 Googly Mohalla Nazish Mazhar Moin Cricket World Cup Special Series 2015 Lucknow Wale Lateefullah Aaliyah Ahmed Mohammad Iftikhar Iffi Television film 2016 Mann Mayal Rabiya (Biya) Haseeb Hassan Supporting role as Salahuddin's sister (Minahil's close friend) 2016 Khwab Saraye Naina Saima Waseem 2016 Iss Khamoshi Ka Matlab Zainab Habib Mazhar Moin 2016 Kitni Girhain Baaki Hain (Season 2) Bushra Angeline Malik Episode 16 (Maut baraye farokht) 2017 Zindaan Farah Kashif Nisar 2017 Yeh Ishq Hai Hiba Various Episode 3 (Sirf Tum) 2017 Kitni Girhain Baaki Hain (Season 2) Fariya Angeline Malik Episode 5 (Qubool Hai) 2017 Khaali Haath Mashal Wajahat Hussain 2017 Hari Hari Churiyaan Aiman Syed Atif Hussain 2017 Ghar Titli Ka Par Shafaq Mohsin Talat 2018 Kaif-e-Baharan Seerat Fatima Nadeem Siddique 2018 Ishq Tamasha Mirha Danish Nawaz 2018 Bay Dardi Biya Ahmed Bhatti 2018 Khana Khud Garam Karo Rumana Kashif Saleem Television film 2018 Baandi Meeru Syed Ahmed Kamran 2018 Abgeenay TBA TBA Special appearances 2017: Mazaaq Raat as guest with Minal Khan 2017: Tonite with HSY as guest 2017: Jago Pakistan Jago as guest to promote Baandi 2018: The After Moon Show (season 1) as guest 2018: Knorr Noodles Boriyat Busters (season 2) as guest participant 2019: Rewind With Samina Peerzada (season 3) as guest References "Aiman Khan and Minal Khan Celebrate their 18th Birthday". 2016-11-23. Retrieved 2018-03-20. "Highlights of Aiman and Minal Khan's birthday bash". Daily Pakistan Global. Retrieved 2019-01-28. Zakir, Fatima. "Watch out for the 'Show Queens'". The News International. Retrieved 2018-03-14. Shabbir, Buraq. "Television's new faces that deserve our attention". The News International. Retrieved 6 September 2017. "When you work in small houses without AC all day, you stay closer to reality: Aiman Khan | The Express Tribune". The Express Tribune. 2018-07-18. Retrieved 2018-11-02. "In conversation with the beautiful Aiman Khan". Daily Pakistan. Retrieved 2018-11-02. "TV actors Aiman Khan and Muneeb Butt are married!". The News. Retrieved 2019-01-28. "TV actors Aiman Khan and Muneeb Butt are married!". Shabbir, Buraq. "Is Khamoshi Ka Matlab feels closer to reality". The News International. Retrieved 2018-03-11.

By: ONE TO ALL

Autodesk Maya, commonly shortened to Maya , is a 3D computer graphics application that runs on Windows, macOS and Linux, originally developed by Alias Systems Corporation (formerly Alias|Wavefront) and currently owned and developed by Autodesk, Inc. It is used to create interactive 3D applications, including video games, animated film, TV series, or visual effects.Maya was originally a next-generation animation product based on code from The Advanced Visualizer by Wavefront Technologies, Thomson Digital Image (TDI) Explore, PowerAnimator by Alias Research, Inc., and Alias Sketch!. The IRIX-based projects were combined and animation features were added; the project codename was Maya.Walt Disney Feature Animation collaborated closely with Maya's development during its production of Dinosaur.Disney requested that the User interface of the application be customizable so that a personalized workflow could be created. This was a particular influence in the open architecture of Maya, and partly responsible for it becoming so po[CENSORED]r in the animation industry. After Silicon Graphics Inc. acquired both Alias and Wavefront Technologies, Inc., Wavefront next-generation technology (then under development) was merged into Maya. SGI's acquisition was a response to Microsoft Corporation acquiring Softimage 3D. The new wholly owned subsidiary was named "Alias|Wavefront".In the early days of development, Maya started with Tcl as the scripting language, in order to leverage its similarity to a Unix shell language. But after the merger with Wavefront, Sophia, the scripting language in Wavefront Dynamation, was chosen as the basis of MEL (Maya embedded language).Maya 1.0 was released in February 1998. Following a series of acquisitions, Maya was bought by Autodesk in 2005.Under the name of the new parent company, Maya was renamed Autodesk Maya. However, the name "Maya" continues to be the dominant name used for the product.On March 1, 2003, Alias was honored by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences with an Academy Award for Technical Achievement for scientific and technical achievement for their development of Maya software.In 2005, while working for Alias|Wavefront, Jos Stam shared an Academy Award for Technical Achievement with Edwin Catmull and Tony DeRose for their invention and application of subdivision surfaces.On February 8, 2008, Duncan Brinsmead, Jos Stam, Julia Pakalns and Martin Werner received an Academy Award for Technical Achievement for the design and implementation of the Maya Fluid Effects system.The widespread use of Maya in the film industry is usually associated with its development on the film Dinosaur, released by Disney in 2000.In 2003, when the company earned an Academy Award for technical achievement, it was noted to be used in films such as Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers, Spider-Man (2002), Ice Age, and Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones.By 2015, VentureBeat Magazine stated that all ten films in consideration for the Best Visual Effects Academy Award had used Maya Autodesk and that it had been "used on every winning film since 1997."

Anti-racism campaigners have called YouTube star Logan Paul "irresponsible and unwise" for interviewing conspiracy theorist Alex Jones on his channel. Mr Jones is currently banned from YouTube for violating the site's policy on abusive behaviour. He is also banned from many other social platforms for breaking conditions governing such behaviour. The Hope Not Hate campaign said it was a mistake for Mr Paul to "give a platform to an extremist". A two-hour chat with Mr Jones features on the Logan Paul podcast channel, which currently has about 1.4 million subscribers, many of whom are in their teens and 20s. Legal action During the wide-ranging interview Mr Paul laughs and jokes with Mr Jones about his widely contested beliefs, at one point going along with Mr Jones's claim that former US presidential candidate Hillary Clinton is "crazy". However, Mr Paul does challenge Mr Jones, who is being sued for defamation by parents of children killed during the 2012 Sandy Hook school shooting, on his views on the massacre, saying his view of it as a hoax could "become something dangerous". Joe Mulhall, senior researcher at Hope Not Hate, criticised the decision to record and air the talk. "Paul seems to have given a platform to an extremist simply to generate more views and appears to have portrayed his guest as an amusement," he said. He added: "Paul described Jones as "a far-right conspiracy theorist" and yet still decided to have him on his show, meaning he knew what he was doing and seemingly didn't seem to care." Mr Mulhall said the show could mean Mr Jones is exposed to a "new and younger audience". Social platform ban The interview looks set to get significant views as Mr Paul has more than four million followers on Twitter, where the chat was previewed. And almost 19 million people subscribe to Mr Paul's main YouTube channel. Mr Paul and YouTube have yet to respond to requests for comment about the interview. Many other social platforms have taken action against Mr Jones and his InfoWars media group. Twitter has permanently banned Mr Jones and his InfoWars channel for repeatedly violating its terms and conditions. Other bans have been imposed by Facebook, Apple, Pinterest and LinkedIn. Paypal has also refused to process payments on behalf of InfoWars.

Reema Khan , known mononymously as Reema, is a Pakistani Lollywood film actress, director and producer. Khan was one of the leading film actresses in Pakistan during 1990s.She has appeared in more than 200 films since making her debut in 1990 and has been recognised by Pakistan and Indian film critics for her acting.She has received pride of performance award on 23 march 2019.Reema Khan was born in Lahore, Pakistan. She was first spotted in 1990 by the Pakistani film director Javed Fazil and was offered the leading role in his film Bulandi. Personal life Reema Khan married Pakistani-American cardiologist S. Tariq Shahab in November 2011. On March 24, 2015, Khan gave birth to her first child, a son.Selected filmography As an actress Main article: Reema Khan filmography Bulandi (1990) Zameen Aasman (1994) Jo Darr Gya Woh Marr Gya (1995) Munda Bigra Jae (1995) Love 95 (1995) Umar Mukhtar (1997) Nikah (1998) Mujhe Chand Chahiye (2000) Pehchaan (2000) Fire (2002) Shararat (2003) Koi Tujh Sa Kahaan (2005) One Two Ka One (2006) Love Mein Ghum (2011) As director and producer Year Film Language Cast 2005 Koi Tujh Sa Kahan Urdu Moammar Rana, Reema Khan, Nadeem Baig, Veena Malik and Babrak Shah 2011 Love Mein Ghum Urdu Reema Khan, Jia Ali, Ali Saleem, Javed Sheikh, Afzal Khan, Nabeel Khan, Araida and Johnny Lever Television Year Production Role Notes 2018 Azaab-e-Zindagi Mariam Fatima Hum Network Limited and Angeline Malik Productions Ye Ghar Aap Ka Hua Geo TV Production Yaad To Ayengey Geo TV Production TARANG ("Hero Bannay Ki Tarang Sahi Jodi Ki Talaash") Reema ka Amreeca Croron Mein Khel herself Gameshow 2012 Raati Masha Tola Zeenath Opposite Imran Abbas Aired on PTV Home. Telefilm See also List of Lollywood actors References "Fact check: 20 famous celebrities and their real names". ARYNEWS. 21 August 2018. Retrieved 14 November 2018. tabloid!, Usman Ghafoor, Special to (29 January 2018). "Reema Khan poised for a comeback?". GulfNews. Retrieved 31 May 2018. ANI (8 June 2009). "Reema Khan is Pakistan's Aishwarya Rai". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 25 March 2011.The Express Tribune newspaper article on actress Reema Khan, Retrieved 23 Dec 2015

Twin brothers from the Belgian city of Leuven have been acquitted of involvement in a snack-bar fight because they could not be told apart. Ibrahim and Murat A were both put on trial for assault and causing injury to a man during a row in October 2015. Police obtained CCTV footage of the attack, but the brothers looked so alike that neither police nor the victim could work out who was to blame. The court said there was insufficient evidence to convict both twins. The brothers, both 28, became caught up in an argument when one of them fell off his bike outside the Citysnack outlet in Leuven (Louvain in French), a university city to the east of Brussels. The mishap prompted hoots of laughter from passersby which went down badly with the two men, reports said. Identical twins must both pay maintenance Why criminal twins may no longer be safe Twins' DNA dilemma for French police Seeing double: The twins turning a profit One of the brothers reacted angrily, launching a punch at one man, while the other tried to hold him back. Although both brothers were called for questioning only one turned up, claiming that he had initially tried to stop his brother attacking the other man but had then thrown the punch himself, De Standaard reported. While his evidence was not borne out by the CCTV images, police were unable to tell the two brothers apart from the footage and in the end the pictures were not used in court. Witnesses gave evidence in the case but failed to provide further clarity. "It's obvious that one of them actively tried to hold the other back. So he can't be judged as either perpetrator or accomplice," the judge was quoted as saying by Het Laatste Nieuws. The police investigation had established that one of the brothers had carried out an assault, the judge ruled, but it was unclear which of the two it was. According to HLN, the two brothers have appeared in court before. In 2011, one of them was given a suspended jail term for theft with violence while his brother was acquitted because of contradictory evidence.

By: Dragunar

Modo is a polygon and subdivision surface modeling, sculpting, 3D painting, animation and rendering package developed by Luxology, LLC, which is now merged with and known as Foundry. The program incorporates features such as n-gons and edge weighting, and runs on Microsoft Windows, Linux and macOS platforms.Modo was created by the same core group of software engineers that previously created the pioneering 3D application LightWave 3D, originally developed on the Amiga platform and bundled with the Amiga-based Video Toaster workstations that were po[CENSORED]r in television studios in the late 1980s and early 1990s. They are based in Mountain View, California. In 2001, senior management at NewTek (makers of LightWave) and their key LightWave engineers disagreed regarding the notion for a complete rewrite of LightWave's work-flow and technology. NewTek's Vice President of 3D Development, Brad Peebler, eventually left Newtek to form Luxology, and was joined by Allen Hastings and Stuart Ferguson (the lead developers of Lightwave), along with some of the LightWave programming team members (Arnie Cachelin, Matt Craig, Greg Duquesne, Yoshiaki Tazaki). After more than three years of development work, Modo was demonstrated at Siggraph 2004 and released in September of the same year. In April 2005, the high-end visual effects studio Digital Domain integrated Modo into their production pipeline. Other studios to adopt Modo include Pixar, Industrial Light & Magic, Zoic Studios, id Software, Eden FX, Studio ArtFX, The Embassy Visual Effects, Naked Sky Entertainment and Spinoff Studios. At Siggraph 2005, Modo 201 was announced. This promised many new features including the ability to paint in 3D (à la ZBrush, BodyPaint 3D), multi-layer texture blending, as seen in LightWave, and, most significantly, a rendering solution which promised physically-based shading, true lens distortion, anisotropic reflection blurring and built-in polygon instancing. Modo 201 was released on 24 May 2006. Modo 201 was the winner of the Apple Design Awards for Best Use of Mac OS X Graphics for 2006. In October 2006, Modo also won "Best 3D/Animation Software" from MacUser magazine. In January 2007, Modo won the Game Developer Frontline Award for "Best Art Tool". Modo 202 was released on 1 August 2006. It offered faster rendering speed and several new tools including the ability to add thickness to geometry. A 30-day full-function trial version of the software was made available. In March 2007, Luxology released Modo 203 as a free update. It included new UV editing tools, faster rendering and a new DXF translator. The release of Modo 301 on 10 September 2007 added animation and sculpting to its toolset. The animation tools include being able to animate cameras, lights, morphs and geometry as well as being able to import .mdd files. Sculpting in Modo 301 is done through mesh based and image based sculpting (vector displacement maps) or a layered combination of both. Modo 302, was released on 3 April 2008 with some tool updates, more rendering and animation features and a physical sky and sun model. Modo 302 was a free upgrade for existing users. Modo 303 was skipped in favor of the development of Modo 401. Modo 401 shipped on 18 June 2009. This release has many animation and rendering enhancements and is newly available on 64-bit Windows. On 6 October 2009, Modo 401 SP2 was released followed by Modo 401 SP3 on 26 January 2010 and SP5 on 14 July of the same year.Modo 501 shipped on 15 December 2010. This version was the first to run on 64-bit Mac OS X. It contains support for Pixar Subdivision Surfaces, faster rendering and a visual connection editor for creating re-usable animation rigs. Modo 601 shipped on 29 February 2012. This release offers additional character animation tools, dynamics, a general purpose system of deformers, support for retopology modeling and numerous rendering enhancements. Modo 701 shipped on 25 March 2013. This offered audio support, a Python API for writing plugins, additional animation tools and layout, more tightly integrated dynamics, and a procedural particle system along with other rendering enhancements such as render proxy and environment importance sampling. During subsequent Service Packs, FBX 2013 support was added and numerous major performance improvements were made (for example, tiled EXR usage became several orders of magnitude faster to match the competition). Modo 801 shipped on 25 April 2014. This brought a rework of the referencing system; renderer improvements; nodal shading; UDIM support (for MARI interoperation - another Foundry product); dynamics and particles improvements; deformer updates (Bézier, Wrap, Lattice); motion capture retargeting (through the IKinema library used to deliver Full Body IK since 601). Additionally, animation workflow was improved based on adaptations of classic animator tools (extremes, breakdowns, etc.) The latest version is 13.0v1. Modo was used in the production of feature films such as Stealth, Ant Bully, Iron Man, and Wall*E.Modo's workflow differs substantially from many other mainstream 3D applications. While Maya and 3ds Max stress using the right tool for the job, Modo artists typically use a much smaller number of basic tools and combine them to create new tools using the Tool Pipe and customizable action centers and falloffs. Action centers Modo allows an artist to choose the "pivot point" of a tool or action in realtime simply by clicking somewhere. Thus, Modo avoids making the artist invoke a separate "adjust pivot point" mode. In addition, the artist can tell Modo to derive a tool's axis orientation from the selected or clicked on element, bypassing the needs for a separate "adjust tool axis" mode. Falloffs Any tool can be modified with customizable falloff, which modifies its influence and strength according to geometric shapes. Radial falloff will make the current tool affect elements in the center of a resizable sphere most strongly, while elements at the edges will be barely affected at all. Linear falloff will make the tool affect elements based on a gradient that lies along a user-chosen line, etc. Modo allows an artist to paint directly onto 3D models and even paint instances of existing meshes onto the surface of an object. The paint system allows users to use a combination of tools, brushes and inks to achieve many different paint effects and styles. Examples of the paint tools in Modo are airbrush, clone, smudge, and blur. These tools are paired with your choice of "brush" (such as soft or hard edge, procedural). Lastly, you add an ink, an example of which is image ink, where you paint an existing image onto a 3D model. Pressure-sensitive tablets are supported. The results of painting are stored in a bitmap and that map can be driving anything in Modo's Shader Tree. Thus you can paint into a map that is acting as a bump map and see the bumps in real-time in the viewport.

By: MegaAngelinthesky

1Password is a password manager developed by AgileBits Inc. It provides a place for users to store various passwords, software licenses, and other sensitive information in a virtual vault that is locked with a PBKDF2-guarded master password. By default, this encrypted vault is stored on the company's servers, for a monthly fee.In a 2017 Consumer Reports article Dan Guido, the CEO of Trail of Bits, has claimed that 1Password is a po[CENSORED]r password manager (alongside Dashlane, KeePass, and LastPass), with the choice among them mostly up to personal preferences.Alternatively, after purchasing a software license ($64.99 in 2018), 1Password can be set up to only store password files locally, and not sync with remote servers.It can also be set up so that files are synchronized through Dropbox (all platforms), local Wi-Fi, and iCloud, and more recently, through 1Password.com, a subscription based server sync service maintained by the developers. Local Wi-Fi and iCloud sync are only available on the Mac and iOS. In 2017, the Travel Mode feature was introduced for subscribers of 1Password.com, which enables omission of password entries not tagged as safe for travel from the local storage on a particular device, reducing the impact of being obliged by officials to unlock access at country border crossings.1Password integrates with desktop web browsers including Safari, Chrome, Firefox, Edge, and Opera. The extension can remember logins for websites, fill in website logins automatically, and generate random passwords for new websites.To use browser extensions, the user must have administrative rights on the computer where the browser is installed. This has been an issue with users on a PC assigned by a workplace without admin rights. To address this issue, 1Password offers plans for a monthly subscription fee aimed at businesses that allows web access to their usernames and passwords which can be copied and pasted into login screens.Plans for family and individual use are also available.1Password also offers a standalone extension called 1Password X, available for Firefox and Chrome.1Password X is designed to work without a companion desktop app, but a 1Password.com subscription is required.On the mobile side, 1Password offers integration with browsers and apps on iOS and Android devices using various methods. More convenient methods of filling and saving login information are provided in iOS 12 and Android Oreo (and later),respectively.