Male-on-male aggression more frequent among bonobos than chimps, but aggression between males and females less common Bonobos at the Kokolopori Bonobo Reserve in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Photograph: Martin Surbeck/Kokolopori Bonobo Research Proje/AFP/Getty Images Bonobos are not quite the peace-loving primates they have long been considered, researchers say, after finding that males show more aggression towards each other than chimpanzees. Bonobos and chimpanzees are humans’ closing living relatives. While chimpanzees are known to show aggression against each other – sometimes to the point of death – bonobos have long been thought to live more harmoniously, with no known killings. The difference has led to the theory that natural selection works against aggression in male bonobos. Now research has turned the idea on its head, revealing that bonobos show higher rates of male-on-male aggression than chimpanzees – even when researchers looked specifically at cases where the males came to blows. “It’s a species with such complex behaviour that just limiting the species to being a hippy, for this study it’s not going to work. It’s just too simplistic,” said Dr Maud Mouginot of Boston University, who is first author of the research. “I think what we know now is that bonobos and chimpanzees use aggression and they use it in different ways. And they have different strategies around it,” she said, adding that an interesting area to explore now was why and when these different strategies evolved. Writing in the journal Current Biology, Mouginot and colleagues describe how they followed 12 male bonobos across three communities at the Kokolopori Bonobo Reserve in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and 14 male chimpanzees across two communities at Gombe national park in Tanzania. Each male was individually followed by the researchers during its waking hours, during which its interactions with other members of its species were recorded, including aggressive physical contact, and other aggressive actions such as charging and chasing. Overall, the team recorded 521 aggressive interactions involving tracked bonobos over 2,047 hours, and 654 aggressive interactions among the identified chimpanzees over 7,309 hours. The team say that despite previous studies finding chimpanzees show more severe aggression – such as killings, infanticide and sexual coercion – the results reveal aggressive acts between males were 2.8 times more frequent in bonobos than in chimpanzees, with acts involving physical contact specifically found to be 3.0 times more frequent. For both species, more aggressive males had greater success in mating with females. Yet, while not quite the model of gentlemanly chivalry, male bonobos treated females differently to chimpanzees: the team found male-on-female aggression was less common, and female-on-male aggression more common, in the former than the latter – something the team put down to female bonobos often outranking males in the social group. “We know from the literature that, for example, male and female [bonobos] form a close association … and we do not observe that in chimpanzees,” said Mouginot, noting that humans, too, form such associations. The researchers add that while only 1% of aggressive acts among male bonobos involved the primates teaming up, the figure was 13% in chimpanzees – a finding that may explain the lower frequency of aggression in chimpanzees. “It’s just more risky because of course if you have several individuals against you, you might be completely beat up,” Mouginot said. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2024/apr/12/bonobos-not-the-peace-loving-primates-once-thought-study-reveals

Police halt Palestine Congress, saying one of the speakers was subject to a ban on political activity in Germany. Police officers stand guard in front of the entrance to the venue of the Palestine Congress in Berlin [John Macdougall/AFP] Police in Berlin interrupted and cancelled a pro-Palestine conference soon after it started, hours after one of the main speakers said authorities held him up at the airport and prevented him from entering Germany. Officers initially halted the Palestine Congress because another speaker was subject to a ban on political activity in Germany, police wrote on the social media platform X on Friday. Police did not give the name of the speaker, but participants in the congress wrote on X that it was Palestinian researcher Salman Abu Sitta. Police later wrote on X that they had banned the remainder of the conference, which was being attended by about 250 people and due to last until Sunday. They said there were risks that same speaker would be invited to talk again, accusing him of having made “anti-Semitic” statements in the past. On the Congress’s website, the organisers denounce Israel’s crimes in Gaza, saying: “Together, with the voices of the Palestinian movement and the international community, we will denounce Israeli apartheid and genocide. We accuse Germany of being complicit.” Berlin police said they had dispatched 930 officers, including reinforcements from other regions of Germany, to secure the event. ‘Silencing a witness’ One of the main speakers, Ghassan Abu Sittah, a British Palestinian doctor, had earlier been denied entry into Germany to attend the event, he said. “The German government has forcibly prevented me from entering the country,” Abu Sittah posted on X. The doctor, who volunteered in Gaza hospitals during the first weeks of Israel’s war, said he arrived at Berlin airport on Friday morning before being stopped at passport control, where he was held for several hours and then told he had to return to the UK. Airport police said he was refused entry due to “the safety of the people at the conference and public order,” Abu Sittah told The Associated Press. An event organiser, Nadija Samour, told Turkey’s state-run Anadolu Agency, “There is absolutely no legal basis for this, no justification at all. [Abu] Sittah is the dean of the University of Glasgow. I can’t imagine that he’s a dangerous person or a person who incites violence. Quite the opposite.” Abu Sittah added on X that barring him from the event was “silencing a witness to genocide before the ICJ adds to Germany’s complicity in the ongoing massacre.” n a case at the top UN court brought by Nicaragua, Germany is facing accusations of aiding genocide in Gaza by selling arms to Israel, whose war has killed more than 33,600 people since October 7. Germany is one of Israel’s biggest military suppliers, sending 326.5 million euros ($353.7m) in equipment and weapons in 2023, according to Economy Ministry data. ‘Government pressure’ There was “pressure from the federal government” to cancel the Palestine Congress, organiser Samour told Anadolu, adding that Germany was “actively and illicitly” trying to impede the event. She also accused Berlin of intentionally delaying the start of the congress, citing technical reasons as a pretext. “The congress could not be banned. Freedom of assembly protects the congress, which is precisely why the police came up with all sorts of harassment,” she said. Police intervene as people attend the Palestine Congress [Halil Sagirkaya/Anadolu] The crowd waiting to enter the hall on Friday chanted slogans including “Viva, Viva Palestine” and “Germany finances, Israel bombs”. Some waved Palestinian flags outside the building. Police in Berlin have taken a generally tough stance towards pro-Palestinian protests since the start of the war in Gaza. Authorities have put strict conditions on demonstrations or banned them outright. Protesters and critics have accused authorities of violating democratic freedoms of speech and assembly with the crackdowns. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/12/germany-cancels-pro-palestine-event-bars-entry-to-gaza-war-witness

UN agencies say double-digit inflation and stagnating local production are major drivers of the hunger crisis. Maize is displayed by a trader at the market in Jibia, Nigeria [File: Kola Sulaimon/AFP] Nearly 55 million people will struggle to feed themselves in the coming months in West and Central Africa as soaring prices have fuelled a food crisis, United Nations agencies have warned. In a joint statement on Friday, the World Food Programme (WFP), the UN children’s agency UNICEF, and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) said that the number facing hunger during the June-August lean season had quadrupled over the last five years. It said economic challenges such as double-digit inflation and stagnating local production had become major drivers of the crisis, beyond recurrent conflicts in the region. And it noted that Nigeria, Ghana, Sierra Leone, and Mali would be among the worst affected. The UN agencies said the prices of major staple grains had continued to rise across the region from 10 percent to more than 100 percent compared with the five-year average. The situation was particularly worrying in northern Mali, where some 2,600 people are likely to experience catastrophic hunger, it added. “The time to act is now. We need all partners to step up … to prevent the situation from getting out of control,” said Margot Vandervelden, WFP’s acting regional director for West Africa. “We need to invest more in resilience-building and longer-term solutions for the future of West Africa,” she added. Malnourished children Food shortages have also resulted in “alarmingly high” levels of malnutrition, with children badly affected. The agencies said eight out of 10 children aged between six and 23 months do not consume the minimum amount of food required for optimal growth and development. It also said some 16.7 million children under the age of five are acutely malnourished and more than two out of three households are unable to afford healthy diets. “For children in the region to reach their full potential, we need to ensure that each girl and boy receives good nutrition and care, lives in a healthy and safe environment, and is given the right learning opportunities,” said UNICEF Regional Director Gilles Fagninou. “To make a lasting difference in children’s lives, we need to consider the situation of the child as a whole and strengthen education, health, water and sanitation, food, and social protection systems,” he added. The region’s heavy dependence on food imports has tightened the squeeze, particularly for countries battling high inflation such as Ghana, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone. Policies should be introduced to boost and diversify local food production “to respond to the unprecedented food and nutrition insecurity”, said Robert Guei, the FAO’s Sub-regional Coordinator for West Africa. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/12/nearly-55-million-face-hunger-in-west-and-central-africa-un-warns

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