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he majority of political parties was waiting to see the text of the political reform proposed by the National Government. The Minister of the Interior, Alfonso Prada, finally filed it this Tuesday, September 13. EL TIEMPO had anticipated some details of the changes that they wish to make in the country's political system. The project ultimately did not include the creation of an Electoral Court. These are some of the key points included in the text that seeks to modify articles 40, 107,108, 109,172, 177, 181 and 262 of the Political Constitution. Limitations of political rights With the exception of the sanction of loss of investiture, the limitations of the political rights of individuals may only be issued by a competent judicial authority in criminal proceedings. This subsection would be added at the end of article 40 of the Constitution. As EL TIEMPO had anticipated, this aspect would result, for example, in a body such as the Attorney General's Office not being able to limit political rights to mayors, as happened in the last electoral campaign. (In other news: Gustavo Petro will ask Venezuela to be a guarantor of eventual negotiation with Eln) It would lower the age to be senator and representative One of the modifications that it includes is that to be a senator it would no longer be necessary to be at least thirty years old, but rather twenty-five. In the case of representatives, it would not be required to be over twenty-five years old, but rather to be over eighteen years of age on the date of the election. Will congressmen be able to change parties? This newspaper had anticipated that among the most controversial proposals of the initiative was the 'transfuguismo', that is, the possibility that the congressmen change their party or political movement in a certain time. The modification was established as follows: "Whoever, being a member of a public corporation, decides to run for the next election, for a different party, must resign from the seat at least twelve (12) months before the first day of registration." "Within the two months following the entry into force of this legislative act, the members of the Collegiate Bodies of po[CENSORED]r election, or those who have renounced their seats prior to the validity of this act, are authorized once legislative, to enroll in a party other than the one that endorsed them, without giving up the seat or incurring double militancy", they clarify. https://www.eltiempo.com/politica/gobierno/reforma-politica-fue-radicada-en-el-congreso-que-cambios-propone-702087

Some tropical flowers reflect sound so that nectar-seeking bats find them more easily. Excerpt from the March issue of National Geographic magazine in Spanish. Photographs of Merlin D. Tuttle The ingenuity of nature knows no limits. Consider the case of the nectar-drinking bat and the night-blooming plant, whose lives intertwine in the lowland jungles of Central America. Glossophaga commissarisi, a tiny, winged mammal with a body no larger than a thumb, flutters among Mucuna holtonii flowers, lapping up nectar in a similar way to hummingbirds and bees. In return, it pollinates the plant. During the day, the flowers can show off their richness with brilliant colors like scarlet and fuchsia, but at night, when even the brightest hues pale before the silvery moonlight, Mucuna flowers resort to structures acoustic to attract the attention of bats seeking nectar. At La Selva Biological Station in northern Costa Rica, a vigorous ancient Mucuna wove a roof of leaves over a jungle clearing, letting dozens of flowers dangle from long, green stems. At sunset, the plant's cocoons get ready for the bats. First, the topmost green petal covering a bud slowly opens vertically to rise above the flower like a gleaming beacon. Beneath the headlamp-petal, two small lateral petals unfold to reveal an opening in the sheath. Bats use high frequency sound as a tool. With their vocal cords they emit quick, small sonic bursts through their nostrils or snouts, shaping airwaves and allowing them to interpret the changing patterns that bounce back to their sensitive ears. The information they receive is processed rapidly and continuously, allowing them to change their course mid-flight as they sprint after a mosquito or soar through flowering trees. Most bats feed on insects; they often use powerful long-range calls produced by the upward movement of their wings. Nectar-eating bats send out soft but sophisticated calls, known to scientists as frequency modulated. These calls trade distance for details. They are most effective at a range of four meters, sending back precise information about target size, shape, position, texture, angle, depth, and other qualities that only nectivore bats can interpret. Merlin Tuttle cut this flower to document how the bat's tongue sucks up nectar while the flower's anthers fill its forehead with pollen. no romance But this is not a love story. The force that moves the bat-flower alliance is not romance but the main objective of life: survival and reproduction. Exchanging nectar for pollination is a delicate transaction that presents a dilemma for plants. Night-bloomers do well to be thrifty with their nectar, because well-fed bats will visit fewer flowers, but if a plant is too stingy, the bat will seek service elsewhere. Over the millennia, bat-pollinated plants have developed an effective solution: They sidestep the problem of nectar quantity (and quality) by maximizing the bat's foraging efficiency. Thus, nocturnal flowering plants display their richness in positions exposed to flight so that bats can easily find them, drink from them and are protected from arboreal predators such as snakes or possums. They spice up the scent of their flowers with sulfur compounds: irresistible long-distance cues for nectivorous bats. Mucuna and other plants have gone one step further: they have shaped their flowers to attract the ear of bats. https://www.ngenespanol.com/naturaleza/llamado-flor/

The Purosangue is the most radical Ferrari yet, as the first four-seat four-door model to be graced by the Prancing Horse. Although its proportions and functionality are unprecedented for Ferrari, it has retained some of the brand’s fundamental features, having a front-mid-mounted V12 and being claimed to be “a true sports car”. Enrico Galliera, Ferrari’s marketing and commercial chief, said: “We believe it’s a game-changer. It has the performance of a sports car with the comfort and versatility of a less extreme car. For us, the strategy was to develop a sports car in a different segment.” While Ferrari has a long history with 2+2 cars, most recently with the Roma, this is the first time a four-door model with four fully sized seats has made production. The only previous four-door badged as a Ferrari was a Pininfarina-designed concept car of 1980, named the Pinin, which company founder Enzo Ferrari reportedly liked but never signed off. Ferrari refuses to describe the Purosangue as an SUV, but the car’s proportions and functionality are very much intended for this segment – one in which Ferrari until now has been markedly absent while rivals such as Aston Martin, Lamborghini and Porsche have forged ahead to capitalise on the ever-growing worldwide po[CENSORED]rity of SUVs. The Purosangue is 4973mm long, 2028mm wide and 1589mm tall (compared with 5112mm, 2016mm and 1638mm for the Lamborghini Urus). Along with its 185mm of ground clearance, that puts it very much in SUV territory. It is also four-wheel drive. Ferrari has held true to its heritage, employing its revered V12 in the Purosangue. The naturally aspirated 12-cylinder engine is a heavily reworked version of that used in the 812 Superfast, with a 65deg angle between cylinder banks, a 6.5-litre capacity, a dry sump and high-pressure direct fuel injection. It has been developed for the Purosangue to ensure that maximum torque is available at lower revs to counter the extra weight of an SUV while not losing the linear power typical of Ferrari’s V12s. The engine is mounted behind the front axle, while the eight-speed dual-clutch automatic gearbox sits at the rear, creating a sporty transaxle layout. This helps deliver the 49:51 front-to-rear weight distribution that Ferrari engineers deem optimum for a front-mid-engined sports car. The Purosangue becomes the most powerful SUV on sale, with its maximum power of 715bhp arriving at 7750rpm and its torque peaking at 528lb ft at 6250rpm. In line with Ferrari’s claim that the Purosangue is a “true sports car”, it achieves the benchmark sprint of 0-62mph in just 3.3sec and 0-124mph in 10.6sec. Galliera said there were many discussions about which powertrain to use, but he believed the V12 was the right one: “It’s the most iconic engine in the company. We’re looking for extreme performance combined with comfort. And for as long as customers have been asking for this car, they’ve been asking for us to keep the history of Ferrari, and that is the V12.” At the Purosangue’s unveiling in Italy, Ferrari declined to talk about other powertrain options, but it’s also expected to use either the V6 plug-in hybrid powertrain of the 296 GTB or the V8 equivalent from the SF90 Stradale in future electrified guises. The Purosangue’s new platform, which Ferrari said was created from scratch, is designed to cater primarily for a V12, but adapting it for other powertrains would “not be very hard”, according to product boss Gianmaria Fulgenzi. The platform consists of aluminium alloy in its lower structure, while the car has a carbonfibre roof as standard to reduce weight and lower its centre of gravity. The result is a platform that’s lighter than previous four-seat Ferraris’, despite being larger overall. https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/new-cars/ferrari-purosangue-715bhp-v12-super-suv

In north-eastern Ukraine, a counter-offensive has seen the nation's forces recapture swathes of territory, and drive out Russian troops. But in the newly-liberated areas, relief and sorrow are intertwined - as accounts emerge of torture and killings during the long months of Russian occupation. Artem, who lives in the city of Balakliya in the Kharkiv region told the BBC he was held by Russians for more than 40 days, and was tortured with electrocution. Balakliya was liberated on 8 September after being occupied for more than six months. The epicentre of the brutality was the city's police station, which Russian forces used as their headquarters. Artem said he could hear screams of pain and terror coming from other cells. The occupiers made sure the cries could be heard, he said, by turning off the building's noisy ventilation system. "They turned it off so everyone could hear how people scream when they are shocked with electricity," he told us. "They did this to some of the prisoners every other day... They even did this to the women". And they did it to Artem, though in his case only once. "They made me hold two wires," he said. "There was an electric generator. The faster it went, the higher the voltage. They said, 'if you let it go, you are finished'. Then they started asking questions. They said I was lying, and they started spinning it even more and the voltage increased." Artem told us he was detained because the Russians found a picture of his brother, a soldier, in uniform. Another man from Balakliya was held for 25 days because he had the Ukrainian flag, Artem said. A school principal called Tatiana told us she was held in the police station for three days and also heard screams from other cells. We visited the police station, and saw the Lord's Prayer scratched on the wall of one of the cramped cells, alongside markings to indicate how many days had passed. Ukrainian police officers say as many as eight men were held in cells intended for two people. They say locals were scared to even pass the station when the Russians were in charge, in case they were grabbed by Russian soldiers. In Balakliya's city centre, where the Ukrainian flag flies again, crowds gathered around a small truck carrying food supplies. Many in the queue were elderly and looked exhausted, but there were happy reunions too as friends embraced each other for the first time since the Russians were driven out. Just a short walk away at the end of a lonely laneway, some of their victims lie hastily buried by their neighbours. A crude wooden cross marked the makeshift grave of a taxi driver called Petro Shepel. His passenger - whose identity is still unknown - lies next to him. The stench of death filled the air as the police exhumed their remains, and zipped them into body bags. The authorities say the two men were shot near a Russian checkpoint on the last day of the occupation. Petro's mother, Valentyna, looked on as the bodies were exhumed, and she railed against the Russians who killed her only son. "I want to ask Putin, why did he shoot and kill my son?" she cried. "What for? Who asked him to come here with such threatening weapons? Not only did he kill our children, but he killed us, their mothers. "These days I am a dead woman. And I want to address all mothers of the world: rebel against that assassin." Shock and joy in Ukraine's liberated villages Will Ukraine's advance have consequences for Putin? A successful surprise attack - but danger looms On the road to Balakliya, we saw military vehicles marked with the pro-war "Z" symbol - apparently abandoned by the Russians as they fled. In a nearby village, we were shown the extensive damage to the school. Local authorities said this was one of the last acts of destruction before the Russians were driven out. Standing in the ruins, the regional head of Kharkiv, Oleh Syniehubov, said the critical task now was to restore water and electricity supplies, but there are concerns the power lines could be mined. Asked by the BBC if he thought the Russians could return he replied: "We are in war, there is always danger". https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-62888388

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he Government will no longer seek to add 11 billion pesos to the General Budget of the Nation (PGN) project presented by former President Iván Duque, but rather the figure will rise to 14.3 billion pesos. With this, the total amount of the Budget for next year would be 405.7 billion pesos. This figure will be the one that the Economic Commissions of the Congress will vote this week. This was confirmed by Senator Gustavo Bolívar at the end of a meeting between congressmen and President Gustavo Petro. The largest budget addition goes to the Agriculture category, to which another 2 billion pesos will be added for the purchase of 3 million hectares with the purpose of advancing in the comprehensive rural reform. "The Agriculture budget goes from 2 million to 4 billion pesos," said the congressman. (Also, read: Gasoline price: which are the countries that have it cheapest?) Another 1.3 billion pesos will go to health, 1.2 billion pesos will be added to education, 1 billion pesos to the housing sector and 1 billion pesos more to Social Inclusion. In addition to this, 1 billion pesos will go to the program to fight hunger and another 200,000 pesos for culture. Bolívar explained that the resources that are going to be added to the budget will be obtained from an excess collection that exists in the Dian, parallel payrolls will be eliminated, which means an increase of 3.5 billion pesos, to which are added some expenses that have not been executed in several State entities How did the Government of Duque leave the Budget? The total value of the project presented amounted to 391.4 billion pesos. Of this figure, $250.6 billion (64%) corresponded to operating expenses, $78 billion (19.9%) to debt service payments and $62.8 billion (16%) to investment. https://www.eltiempo.com/economia/sectores/presupuesto-2023-gobierno-buscara-adicionar-14-billones-de-pesos-701891

Jonathan, the oldest tortoise in history, has shared the last 30 years with Fred, his inseparable partner in the gardens of Plantation House. Jonathan is the most famous resident of Saint Helena, an island in the South Atlantic between Brazil and Angola with some 121.7 square kilometers. His very long life has made him a true celebrity, and he is currently considered the oldest living land animal in the world. This giant tortoise from Seychelles arrived on the island in 1882, when he was around 50 years old. It was a gift to Sir William Grey-Wilson, who later became Governor. This has been his home for 140 years, and has seen 31 governors pass by. Jonathan has spent most of his life enjoying the lush green gardens of the Saint Helena Governor's residence, Plantation House, alongside three other giant tortoises: Emma, David and Fred. This 2022, the tortoise celebrated its 190th birthday, and with this it is not only the longest living land animal in the world, it now also holds the Guinness World Record for the oldest tortoise in history. “ITS OFFICIAL RECORD TITLE IS THE OLDEST CHELONIAN, A CATEGORY THAT INCLUDES ALL TURTLES, LAND AND FRESHWATER,” PUBLISHED GUINNESS WORLD RECORDS ON ITS WEBSITE. At a slow pace, Jonathan has defied nature, as he has outlived the typical life expectancy of a giant tortoise which can be 150 years. Currently, it is common to see it basking in the sun, with its legs and neck stretched out. At times, her enjoyment has been so great that it has frightened visitors who have come to believe that she is dead. Jonathan and Frederica met in 1991. Since then they have accompanied each other and mated in the gardens for three decades, without having any offspring. Frederica and Emily, the females in the group, are Aldabra giant tortoises, a different gender than Jonathan. In 2017, The Times reported on a find at the Plantation House. A lesion on Frederica's shell, which needed attention, revealed that it was probably a male, and not a female, as had been believed for 31 years. “THE FEMALE HE HAS BEEN COURTING FOR THE LAST 26 YEARS IS APPARENTLY NOT THE FREDERICA HE LOVED, BUT FREDERIC,” THE TIMES reported. "FURTHER EXAMINATION DISCOVERED THAT SHE HAD A SLIGHT DEFORMITY DUE TO A JUVENILE INJURY, BUT MORE SURPRISINGLY ALSO REVEALED THAT FREDERICA WAS LIKELY A MALE." That same year, Catherine Man, the island's veterinarian, explained to Fox News that the unknown is that males usually have a concave indentation called a plastron, which allows them to mate with females. Frederica has a deformity, this prevents seeing the shape of her plastron. "It's not safe," she said at the time. "She could be male, she could be female." Currently, Jonathan's partner is only named as Fred, without delving into the finding that has not been resolved. “DESPITE HIS AGE, JONATHAN STILL HAS A GOOD LIBIDO AND IS FREQUENTLY SEEN MATING WITH EMMA AND SOMETIMES WITH FRED: ANIMALS ARE NOT USUALLY ESPECIALLY SENSITIVE TO GENDER!” JOE HOLLINS MENTIONED IN AN INTERVIEW FOR GUINNESS WORLD RECORDS . Time has caressed the shell of the turtle Jonathan. Of the more than 4,000 inhabitants of Santa Elena, it is probably the most famous in the world. His greatest achievement has been the persistence to continue enjoying life. But with its long history of life on earth, its health has begun to decline, the turtle is blind and has been losing its sense of smell, although it retains its hearing and an unparalleled appetite. His keepers feed him a delicious diet of carrots, cucumbers, apples, and bananas. Also, according to the government of Santa Elena, once a week he receives vitamins, minerals and essential elements, to stay healthy. "HIS HEARING IS EXCELLENT AND LOVES BEING IN THE COMPANY OF HUMANS, AND RESPONDS WELL TO THE VOICE OF HIS VETERINARIAN JOE HOLLINS AS HE ASSOCIATES IT WITH A FEAST," MENTIONS THE RELEASE. The giant tortoise is estimated to have hatched in 1832. It was "fully adult" when it arrived on Saint Helena in 1882 from the Seychelles Islands, according to a letter. Although his caretaker Joe Hollins believes he may have been born earlier: "JONATHAN IS A SYMBOL OF PERSISTENCE, RESISTANCE AND SURVIVAL AND HAS REACHED AN ICONIC STATUS ON THE ISLAND," HE TOLD THE WASHINGTON POST. From his green garden, Jonathan, the oldest tortoise on earth, has the ability to touch every inhabitant of the island. His image appears on the reverse of the fivepence coin, which is passed from hand to hand. https://www.ngenespanol.com/animales/la-historia-de-jonathan-la-tortuga-homosexual-mas-antigua-del-mundo/

The successor to the Pagani Huayra, called Utopia, has been revealed, fitted with a manual gearbox, V12 naturally aspirated engine and features a lightweight design. In a step away from rivals’ moves towards electrification and the inevitable weight penalty, the Utopia – the Italian marque’s third hypercar – has been built around more traditional character traits of lightness and “driving pleasure”. The car’s carbon tub ensures it tips the scales at 1280kg, which is 67kg less than the Huayra and 716kg lighter than rival (and electric-powered) Pininfarina Battista. Pagani has also taken the decision to ditch the Huayra’s seven-speed sequential automatic gearbox. Instead, the Utopia uses a lightweight seven-speed manual transmission from Xtrac – the first self-shifter since early Zonda models – with a gated shift design. In a nod to useability, customers can opt to switch to an automatic mode for urban driving. “However intelligent automatic transmissions may have become, nothing can replace the driver’s own mastery of the gearchanges”, said the firm, on its decision to bring back the manual. Fitted with an electromechanical differential, the Utopia’s new manual ‘box drives an uprated version of Pagani’s Mercedes AMG-sourced 6.0-litre twin-turbocharged V12, which now produces 864bhp, and 809lb ft. This is 58bhp more than the most powerful Huayra - the one-off NC variant. Stopping power comes in the form of Brembo carbon-ceramic disc brakes, which sit within 21in forged alloys (22in at the rear). Wrapped in ultra-sticky Pirelli PZero Corsa tyres, they hide independent double wishbone suspension all-round with helical springs and electronically controlled shock absorbers. The Utopia’s design has also been influenced by a push for a “timeless” and “simple” look, owner and chief designer Horacio Pagani said, with customers brought in to help with how the new car should be designed. Following six years of development, the car gets a softer look compared to the aggressive active aero of its predecessor, ditching add-ons such as spoilers in favour of a functional look that nevertheless achieves increased downforce and reduced drag over the Huayra. At the rear, the quad exhaust – a staple of Pagani – continues. Horacio Pagani said: “We put our passion, effort and sacrifice into creating something timeless and cutting-edge in terms of technology. “After being completely absorbed by this strenuous creative process, the ideals represented by the project became so intimate to me, that any attempt to describe it would have seemed inadequate.” https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/new-cars/pagani-utopia-manual-864bhp-hypercar

You can normally expect Russian state TV's flagship weekly news programme to trumpet Kremlin successes. But Sunday's edition opened with a rare admission. "On the frontlines of the special operation [in Ukraine], this has been the toughest week so far," declared sombre-looking anchor Dmitry Kiselev. "It was particularly tough along the Kharkiv front, where following an onslaught by enemy forces that outnumbered ours, [Russian] troops were forced to leave towns they had previously liberated." For "liberated", read "seized". Moscow had occupied those areas months ago, but after a lightning counter-offensive by the Ukrainian army, the Russian military has lost considerable territory in north-east Ukraine. Still, Russian state media are putting a brave face on things. Officially, what happened in Kharkiv region isn't being referred to here as a "retreat". "The Russian defence ministry dismissed rumours that Russian troops fled in disgrace from Balakliya, Kupiansk and Izyum," claimed the latest edition of the government paper, Rossiyskaya Gazeta. "They didn't flee. This was a pre-planned regrouping." In tabloid Moskovsky Komsomolets, a military analyst took a different view: "It's already clear that we underestimated the enemy. [Russian forces] took too long to react and the collapse came… As a result, we suffered a defeat and tried to minimise the loss by withdrawing our troops so they weren't surrounded." This "defeat" has sparked anger on pro-Russian social media channels and among "patriotic" Russian bloggers, who have accused their military of making mistakes. So has the powerful leader of Chechnya, Ramzan Kadyrov. "If today or tomorrow no changes in strategy are made," Mr Kadyrov warned, "I will be forced to speak with the leadership of the defence ministry and the leadership of the country to explain the real situation on the ground to them. It's a very interesting situation. It's astounding." It's more than six months since Vladimir Putin ordered a full-scale invasion of Ukraine. In the days that followed, I remember Russian politicians, commentators and analysts on TV here predicting that what the Kremlin calls its "special military operation" would be wrapped up within days; that the Ukrainian people would greet Russian troops as liberators, and that Ukraine's government would collapse like a pack of cards. It didn't. Instead, more than six months on, the Russian army has been losing ground. So, here's a key question: will this have political consequences for Vladimir Putin? After all, for more than 20 years, Mr Putin has, within the Russian elite, enjoyed a reputation for being a winner; for always managing to extricate himself from the tightest of spots; in short, for being invincible. I've often viewed him as the Russian version of famous escape artist Harry Houdini. Whatever knots or chains he got tied up in, Mr Putin always managed to slip free. That changed after 24 February. The last six months suggest that President Putin's decision to invade Ukraine was a major miscalculation. Unable to secure a rapid victory, Russia got bogged down in a long, bloody offensive, and has suffered a series of embarrassing defeats. A successful surprise attack - but danger still looms Why Russia wants to seize Ukraine's eastern Donbas When an authoritarian leader's aura of invincibility fades, it can cause problems for the aforesaid leader. Vladimir Putin will know Russia's history. It hasn't ended well for past Russian leaders who fought wars and didn't win them. Russia's defeat by Japan led to the first Russian Revolution of 1905. Military failures in World War One sparked the 1917 Revolution and the end of the Tsar. Publicly, though, President Putin has no intention of ending up the loser. On Monday, his spokesman Dmitry Peskov told journalists: "[Russia's] special military operation continues and will continue until all the tasks that were initially set have been fulfilled." Which brings us to the other key question: what will Mr Putin do next? You'd be hard-pressed to find anyone here who knows what Vladimir Putin is thinking and planning. Much may depend on how accurate the information is that he is receiving from his military and intelligence chiefs. But here are two things we do know: the Russian president rarely admits to making mistakes. And he rarely makes U-turns. From what the state media is saying, we're already seeing signs that failures on the battlefield are being blamed on Western support for Ukraine. "Kyiv, backed by Nato, launched a counter-offensive," declared Russian state TV. There is one more uncomfortable question that's been in the background for months: if he cannot achieve victory via conventional weapons, would President Putin go nuclear? Only a few days ago, Ukraine's military chief, Valeriy Zaluzhnyi, warned: "There is a direct threat of the use, under certain circumstances, of tactical nuclear weapons by the Russian armed forces." For now, there are no open signs of panic in the Kremlin. Russian state TV is sounding more positive. It's been describing Russian missile strikes on Ukraine's energy infrastructure as "a turning point in the special operation". As for the Kremlin leader, last Saturday - as reports were coming in from Ukraine that Russia was losing territory - back in Moscow, a relaxed looking Vladimir Putin was inaugurating a new Ferris wheel, the tallest in Europe. Russia's president still seems to believe that, like Moscow's new Big Wheel, his "special operation" will turn in his favour. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-62879367