SF//REVOLUTION.

welcome

welcome

welcome back

The Ram pickup (formerly the Dodge Ram pickup) is a full-size pickup truck manufactured by FCA US LLC (formerly Chrysler Group LLC) and marketed as of 2011 under the Ram Trucks brand. The current fifth-generation Ram debuted at the 2018 North American International Auto Show in Detroit, Michigan. Previously, Ram was part of the Dodge line of light trucks. The name Ram was first used in 1932-1954 Dodge Trucks, then returned on the redesigned 1981 Ram and Power Ram, following the retiring and rebadging of the Dodge D Series pickup trucks as well as B-series vans. Ram trucks have been named Motor Trend magazine's Truck of the Year six times; the second-generation Ram won the award in 1994, the third-generation Ram Heavy Duty won the award in 2003, the fourth-generation Ram Heavy Duty won in 2010 and the fourth-generation Ram 1500 won in 2013 and 2014, and the current fifth-generation Ram 1500 won in 2019. The first-generation Ram trucks and vans introduced in 1981 featured a Ram hood ornament first used on Dodge vehicles from 1932 to 1954. [1] Not all of the first-generation trucks have this ornament and is most commonly seen on four-wheel-drive models. Dodge kept the previous generation's model designations: "D" or Ram indicated two-wheel drive while "W" or Power Ram indicated four-wheel drive. Just like Ford, Dodge used 150 to indicate a half-ton truck, 250 for a three-quarter-ton truck, and 350 for a one-ton truck. The truck models were offered in standard cab, "Club" extended cab, and crew cab configurations. They were also offered along with 6.5 ft (2.0 m) and 8 ft (2.4 m) bed lengths and "Utiline" and "Sweptline" styled boxes along with standard boxes. Externally, the first-generation Rams were facelifted versions of the previous generation Dodge D-Series pickups introduced in 1972. The new model introduced larger wraparound tail lamps, dual rectangular headlamps, and squared-off body lines. Engine choices were wall down to the 225 Slant-6 and 318 and 360 V8s. The interior was updated and included a new bench seat and a completely new dashboard and instrument cluster with an optional three-pod design - a speedometer in the center, with the two side pods containing an ammeter on the top left, a temperature gauge bottom left , to fuel gauge on the top right and to an oil pressure gauge bottom right. Models without the full gauge package had only indicator lights in the place of the temperature and oil pressure gauges. Among the options offered on the Ram were front bumper guards, a sliding rear window, air conditioning, cruise control, tilt steering column, power door locks and windows, AM / FM stereo with cassette tape player, styled road wheels, aluminum turbine -style mag wheels, special paint and stripe packages, two-tone paint, and a plow package for four-wheel-drive models (referred to as the Sno Commander). The "Club Cab" was dropped from the lineup after 1982, but Dodge kept the tooling and re-introduced nearly to decade later in the 1991 models. The four-door crew cab and utiline beds were dropped after the 1985 model year, and were never reintroduced in this generation. Basic Ram 100 models were reintroduced for 1984, replacing the previous "Miser" trim level available on the Ram 150. A "Ram-Trac" shift-on-the-fly transfer case was added for the 1985's Power Rams, and both the crew cab and Utiline flared bed were dropped for 1986. In 1988 the Slant-6 engine was replaced by a 3.9 L (240 cu in) fuel-injected V6 engine. The 5.2 L (318 cu in) engine also received electronic fuel injection in 1988. Because of a new computer controlled fuel injection, ignition and ABS system, more vehicle information needed to be displayed through any warning or notification lights; so inside the cab where a small compartment was once located on the dash, a new "message center" with four small rectangular light spots, contained the check engine light and other tell-tales including one for the parking brake and the ABS if the truck was so equipped. The message center later included "Wait to Start" and "Water in Fuel" lights on diesel models. Diagnostic fault codes were stored in the computer's memory, and cycling the ignition key three times would allow the computer to flash the trouble codes through the check-engine light for diagnosis of some problems. Rear ABS became standard equipment in 1989. The Ram 100 model designation was dropped and these models folded back into the 150 range for 1990, due to the introduction and sales success of the Dodge Dakota pickup. Additionally, the instrument cluster was slightly revised; The ammeter was replaced by a voltmeter while maintaining the 3-pod arrangement of the speedometer and gauges. Also in 1990, Dodge reintroduced the Club Cab, equipped with fold-out jump seats for the 1991-1993 models. Entry was made through the passenger or driver's doors, as there were no rear doors for this configuration. These trucks, though po[CENSORED]r with fleets, sold poorly compared to the Ford F-Series and the General Motors C / K Trucks, with just under 100,000 units sold most years of their production. Part of this was due to the dated cab and chassis design which had been in production since 1972, there was no powerful diesel option until 1989, and there was no big-block gas V8 option. Additionally, the interior had been given a few updates since 1981

Libya is a North African country along the Mediterranean Sea. It is bordered by Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south, and Algeria and Tunisia to the west. The Libyan culture is a blend of many influences, due to its exposure to many historical eras. Its culture involves roots in Berber, African, Turkish and Arab cultures.Libya was also an Italian colony for about three decades, which had a great impact on the culture. Libya has managed to keep its traditional folk culture alive to today. Most Libyans are Berber and Arab, and 96.6% are Muslim Sunnis. Languages spoken in Libya include Arabic, Berber, Italian and English. 90% of the country is desert and that is the reason that only 10% of Libya’s po[CENSORED]tion lives outside the coastline region. Flag: In February 2011, when the Libyan revolution took place, the national Transition Council reintroduced the old flag used by the kingdom prior to Gaddafi’s military coup in 1969.The flag consists of three colors, red, black and green, which represent the three major regions of the country, red for Fezzan, Black for Cyrenaica and green for Tripolitania; the crescent and star represent the main religion of Libya, Islam. Libyan literature has its roots in antiquity, but contemporary writing from Libya draws on a variety of influences. Libyan poet Khaled Mattawa remarks: "Against claims that Libya has a limited body of literature, classicists may be quick to note that ancient Greek lyric poet Callimachus and the exquisite prose stylist Sinesius were Libyan. But students of Libyan history and literature will note that a vast time gap between those ancient luminaries and the writers of today. [...] Libya has historically made a limited contribution to Arabian literature". The Arab Renaissance (Al-Nahda) of the late 19th and early 20th centuries did not reach Libya as early as other Arab lands, and Libyans contributed little to its initial development. However, Libya at this time developed its own literary tradition, centred on oral poetry, much of which expressed the suffering brought about by the Italian colonial period. Libyan literature began to bloom in the late 1960s, with the writings of Sadeq al-Neihum, Khalifa al-Fakhri, Khamel al-Maghur (prose), Muhammad al-Shaltami, and Ali al-Regeie(poetry). Many Libyan writers of the 1960s adhered to nationalist, socialist, and generally progressive views. In 1969, a military coup brought Muammar al-Gaddafi to power. In the mid-1970s, the new government set up a single publishing house, and authors were required to write in support of the authorities. Those who refused were imprisoned, emigrated, or ceased writing. Censorship laws were loosened, but not abolished in the early 1990s, resulting in a literary renewal. Some measure of dissent began to be expressed in Libyan literature, but books remained censored and self-censored to a significant extent. With the overthrow of Gaddafi's government in the Libyan Civil War, literary censorship was abolished, and Article 14 of the interim constitution guarantees "liberty of the press, publication and mass media". Contemporary Libyan literature is influenced by "local lore, North African and Eastern Mediterranean Arabian literatures, and world literature at large" (K. Mattawa). Émigré writers have also contributed significantly to Libyan literature, and include Ibrahim Al-Kouni, Ahmad Al-Faqih, and Sadeq al-Neihum. Cuisine[edit] Main article: Libyan cuisine Libyan dishes borrow from the Arabic, Mediterranean and Italian cultures that met in the area.Olives, palm oil, dates, unleavened bread, and stuffed sweet peppers appear frequently in meals. Libyans do not consume any type of pork and all meats must be halal (killed humanely and prayed over according to Muslim customs). Attention to detail in Libyan cooking is very important; in fact, many spices are used in all the dishes and they need to be put in by the right amounts to enrich the taste. The Libyan diet is rich with seafood and includes a diversity of vegetables and cereals. Meals are of great symbolic importance in the Libyan culture and the biggest meal of the day is lunch. Shops and businesses close for a couple of hours in the afternoon to allow families to gather together and eat.Meals usually end with fruit or melon (Libya is known to have excellent fruit crops). They also drink green tea after meals to help aid digestion. Libyans love tea and coffee, and families usually gather together for their afternoon tea/coffee and catch up on the daily gossip. Libyan tea is known with it thick consistency.The Libyan tea is like black syrup, very strong. To follow tradition, the tea is usually first poured into a mug and then into another then back to the original mug, back and forth for a few minutes then poured from a high distance to the glass to form ‘ragwwa’ or foam. Libyan soup is a very fmous dish throughout Libya and is often presented as a starter. It is considered to be an important dish in Ramadan, where people usually break their fast with soup (after having a glass of milk and a couple of dates). It is a thick highly spiced soup, known simply as Shorba Arabiya, or "Arabian soup". It contains many of the ingredients from many other Libyan dishes, including onions, tomatoes, meat (chicken or lamb), chili peppers, cayenne pepper, saffron, chickpeas, mint, cilantro, and parsley.Bazeen is also a very recognizable Libyan food. It is made of a mixture of barley flour, with a little plain flour. The flour is boiled in salted water to make a hard dough, then it kneaded into a semi-spherical ball and placed in the middle of a large bowl (women sit on the floor and hold the pan between their legs while using a wooden ladle to mix and kneed the dough to its solid and thick consistency), around which the sauce is poured. The sauce around the dough is made by frying chopped onions with lamb meat, adding turmeric, salt, cayenne pepper, black pepper, fenugreek, sweet paprika, and tomato paste. Potatoes can also be added. Finally, eggs are boiled and arranged around the dome. The dish is then served with a well-known Libyan salad/complement of pickled carrots, cucumber and chili peppers, known as amasyar.[4] Another type of Bazzin is called ‘Aish’ or ‘Aseeda’ which basically follows the same concept of the Bazzin except it is made with pure white flour, has a smoother and softer texture and is eaten sweet by adding honey, date syrup or on some occasions powdered sugar. Aish is normally eaten as breakfast or in special occasion, like a baby born or ‘Maylood’, (Mohammed’s birthdate). One of the most po[CENSORED]r meals in the Libyan cuisine, which is also a Libyan specialty, since it is not found anywhere else, is batata mubattana (filled potato). It consists of fried potato pieces filled with spiced minced meat and covered with egg and breadcrumbs. Some other po[CENSORED]r dishes in Libya include a diversity of pasta, which are one of Italy’s lasting influences and couscous, which is widely po[CENSORED]r across the North African region. All alcohol is banned in Libya, in accordance with Sharia, the religious laws of Islam. Bottled mineral water is widely consumed, as well as various soft drinks, such as Coca-Cola. Libyan Traditional Dress[edit] Nowadays, in modern Libya, people no longer wear the traditional dress very often, especially women, except the elderly Libyans, who still comply with traditions. The normal dress includes international modernized fashion that has spread out from the Western World. Women in Libya dress modestly and most of them wear the Hijab (Islam women choose whether or not to wear this.) The traditional dress is now limited to special occasions; men wear it more often. In fact, it is po[CENSORED]rly worn for Friday prayers, Eid (Islamic holiday) and weddings. Although the outfit slightly differs from one area to another, Libyan men’s clothes tend to be similar across entire Libya. It consists of a long white shirt ‘Jalabiya’or ‘Qamis’, long trousers ‘Sirwal’ and a vest called ‘Sadriya’ that is usually heavily knit with black silk and has buttons on its front. Men also wear a headdress called a ‘Shashiyah’ that is usually red or black. Men in Tripolitania prefer wearing the black Shashiyah while the men in Cyrenaica wear both. Libyan men also wear a tight, knitted, white cap underneath the Shashiyah for when they are indoors. A large outer cloak known as ‘Jarid’ is worn on top and wrapped around the body in a Roman-toga way, except in Libya, the Jarid is usually tied at the right shoulder and the remainder is brought around up over the head. Libyan men wear leather boots, usually with a heel for riding horses, leather sandals or slippers. As for Libyan women, the traditional outfit differs slightly from one region to another; however, the general outfit consists of a blouse with baggy sleeves that are embroidered with beads and silver/gold thread and baggy silk trousers that have an elastic band at the bottom. On top of that, women wear brightly colored cloths are made into dresses like togas and held together by silver brooches. Women in the rural areas use heavy woven rug-like cloths due to the climate. The head is covered using a colorful cloth embellished with colorful pom-poms. Libyan women wear large pieces of gold or silver jewelry. The neckwear usually goes down to the knees and the bracelets are 4–6 inches wide. The large silver brooches used to attach the cloth are now replaced with gold and are usually decorated with a “Khamaisah”, a hand shaped symbol, or other charms that are believed to keep the evil eye off. Women only wear the full outfit with the jewelry in special occasions and weddings. It is traditional for the groom to give the outfit with the gold to his bride at their wedding and for the bride to wear it the day after. The women’s traditional outfit is very expensive, but the prices vary depending on the quality and weight of gold or silver.

How to Make a Backup of Your Mac Using Time Machine The feature was introduced with OS X 10.5 Leopard and has been there since then. If you've never used it, Time Machine is one of the easiest ways to back up your Mac and is great for recovering individual files that you've deleted or for restoring your entire hard drive in case catastrophe. How Does Time Machine Work? Time Machine works with any hard disk connected to your computer via USB, FireWire or Thunderbolt; also supports Time Capsules and backup disks connected ove How to Make a Backup of Your Mac Using Time Machine The feature was introduced with OS X 10.5 Leopard and has been there since then. If you've never used it, Time Machine is one of the easiest ways to back up your Mac and is great for recovering individual files that you've deleted or for restoring your entire hard drive in case catastrophe. How Does Time Machine Work? Time Machine works with any hard disk connected to your computer via USB, FireWire or Thunderbolt; also supports Time Capsules and backup disks connected over a network, provided discs support file sharing with File File Protocol (AFP). As long as the disk is available for your Mac, you can use it for a backup of a Time Machine. When enabled, Apple's backup software contains periodic snapshots of all files and catalogs them on an external hard drive you've connected or a Time Capsule you've connected to your network. Copies all the hard contents your disk per hour, daily and weekly; While the drive is getting full, Time Machine will delete the oldest backups and replace them with newer versions. This is better than the traditional "copy a bunch of files into a cloud service" or "clone a disk on an external hard drive" because you do not have to restore your hard drive if you lose a single file can recover some images, folders, and backup projects because of its instantly stratified system. If you use OS X Yosemite or later on a laptop and activate Time Machine, you will also automatically get a feature called Local Snapshots; this allows your laptop to backup one time a day (and once a week) while away from your Time Machine. Local snapshots remove part of your hard drive by backing up, but if you start running, it will automatically remove old backups so you have at least 20% free space on your drive. Can I exclude backup data? Yes. You can selectively exclude files from your backups by adding them to a list in your Time Machine preferences. We have more information on how to proceed below. r a network, provided discs support file sharing with File File Protocol (AFP). As long as the disk is available for your Mac, you can use it for a backup of a Time Machine. When enabled, Apple's backup software contains periodic snapshots of all files and catalogs them on an external hard drive you've connected or a Time Capsule you've connected to your network. Copies all the hard contents your disk per hour, daily and weekly; While the drive is getting full, Time Machine will delete the oldest backups and replace them with newer versions. This is better than the traditional "copy a bunch of files into a cloud service" or "clone a disk on an external hard drive" because you do not have to restore your hard drive if you lose a single file can recover some images, folders, and backup projects because of its instantly stratified system. If you use OS X Yosemite or later on a laptop and activate Time Machine, you will also automatically get a feature called Local Snapshots; this allows your laptop to backup one time a day (and once a week) while away from your Time Machine. Local snapshots remove part of your hard drive by backing up, but if you start running, it will automatically remove old backups so you have at least 20% free space on your drive. Can I exclude backup data? Yes. You can selectively exclude files from your backups by adding them to a list in your Time Machine preferences. We have more information on how to proceed below. How to Enable Back Time Machine on Mac Select System Preferences from the Apple menu. Choose the Time Machine icon. Time Machine SetupTime Machine Setup 3. Click Select Backup Disk. 4. Select the disc you want to use as a backup for Time Machine. 5. Check the Back Up Automatically to automatically backup your Mac to your selected disks. How to Restore Files from a Time Machine Backup 1. Select System Preferences from the Apple menu. 2. Choose the Time Machine icon. 3. Check the box next to Show Time Machine in the menu bar. 4. Click Enter Machine Time after clicking the Time Machine icon on the menu bar. 5. Locate the file or folder in question and click Restore. How to exclude files from Time Machine Time Machine will automatically make a backup of most of your Mac, but you may want to exclude certain files. Open System Preferences on your Mac. Click Time Machine. Click Options .... Click the + button. Choose the files or folders you want to exclude. Click Exclude. Click Save. How to Restore the Hard Drive from a Time Machine Backup Whether you're experiencing major issues with your current hard drive or upgrading to a new Mac, Machine Time can help you get back to business. Start the Mac and hold down the Command and R keys to enter the macOS recovery partition. Your Mac should start on a screen that displays MacOS Utilities. Select Restore from Time Machine Backup and click Continue. Read the information on the Restore Your System page and click Continue. Select Back Time Machine and click Continue. Select the most recent hard disk backup and click Continue. Your Mac will then restore the Time Machine backup; once it's over, it will restart. If you had to replace it with a stock unit that has nothing on it, you will not be able to boot from the macOS recovery partition. Do not be afraid, however, you can get recovery from the Time Machine backup disk itself: just hold down the Option key when you turn on your Mac; you will be able to select the Time Machine as the starting unit and you will go there.