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At least 86 people have died in central Nigeria after violent clashes broke out between farmers and cattle herders, police in Plateau state said. Some reports say fighting began on Thursday when ethnic Berom farmers attacked Fulani herders, killing five of them. A retaliatory attack on Saturday led to more deaths. The area has a decades-long history of violence between ethnic groups competing for land. A curfew has now been imposed in three parts of the state. State police commissioner Undie Adie said a search of villages following the bloodshed revealed that 86 people had been killed, and six injured. He said 50 houses had been burned, as well as 15 motorbikes and two vehicles. The Platea Tit-for-tat clashes erupt into warfare Analysis by the BBC's Stephanie Hegarty, in Lagos It's an age-old conflict that has recently taken on a new level of brutality. In Nigeria's central region settled farming communities and nomadic cattle herders often clash - usually over access to land and grazing rights. But these tit-for-tat clashes have erupted into inter-communal warfare, killing thousands in the last year. This region, where the Muslim north meets the Christian south is prone to religious tension - herders are ethnic Fulani and mostly Muslim, while the farmers are mostly Christian. But it's not clear why this spike in violence is happening right now. Nigeria's president has repeatedly blamed the escalation on an increase in gun-running from Libya. Others blame security forces' failures in a country busy fighting two insurgences - Boko Haram in the north and militants in the oil-producing south. u state government said the curfew would be in place between 18:00 and 06:00 local time (17:00 to 05:00 GMT) in the Riyom, Barikin Ladi and Jos South areas "to avert a breakdown of law and order". The state's governor Simon Lalong said work was under way "to secure the affected communities and fish out perpetrators of these crimes". "While we pray for God's guidance through this difficult time, we will do everything humanly possible to secure our state immediately," he said. Nigeria's President Muhammadu Buhari - himself a Fulani - is under increasing pressure to address the tensions ahead of elections in 2019. In January he ordered the head of police to relocate to the country's middle belt to manage clashes there. Special forces were also deployed to the central states of Benue, Nasarawa and Taraba to "secure vulnerable communities and prevent further attacks". Who are the Fulani herdsmen? They are believed to be the largest semi-nomadic group in the world, and are found across West and Central Africa - from Senegal to the Central African Republic. In Nigeria, some continue to live as semi-nomadic herders, while other have moved to cities. The nomadic groups spend most of their lives in the bush. They herd their animals across vast areas, frequently clashing with farming communities.

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Zimbabwe President Emmerson Mnangagwa has survived an apparent bomb attack in the city of Bulawayo. Video footage from White City Stadium appears to show an explosion happening close to Mr Mnangagwa as he was leaving the stage having addressed supporters. While the president was unhurt, state TV reports that Vice-President Kembo Mohadi has suffered a leg injury. President Mnangagwa came into power last November, ousting his former mentor Robert Mugabe. The president was in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe's second city, to campaign for his Zanu-PF party ahead of nationwide elections taking place on 30 July. The elections are the first in Zimbabwe since Mr Mugabe was ousted after 37 years in power. Presidential spokesman George Charamba issued a statement confirming Mr Mnangagwa was safe and recalling: "There have been multiple attempts on the president's life over the past five years." It is not clear how severe the injuries to Second Vice-President Kembo Mohadi are. Zimbabwe's First Vice-President, Constantino Chiwenga, and his wife, suffered minor injuries, Reuters news agency reports. The Zimbabwe Herald newspaper described the explosion as an assassination attempt on the president. State broadcaster ZBC also reported that Zanu PF national chairman Oppah Muchinguri-Kashiri and some ZBC crew members were also injured

Venezuelan security forces have carried out hundreds of arbitrary killings under the guise of fighting crime, the UN's human rights body says. In a report, it cites "shocking" accounts of young men being killed during operations, often in poor neighbourhoods, between 2015 and 2017. The UN's human rights chief said no-one was being held to account, suggesting the rule of law was "virtually absent". Venezuela has in the past dismissed human rights allegations as "lies". The country is going through a protracted political and economic crisis. Dozens of protesters were killed in clashes during anti-government protests last year and the country is also experiencing hyperinflation and food shortages. President Nicolas Maduro was re-elected in May after the opposition boycotted the vote. In the report, the UN Human Rights Council says the alleged extra-judicial killings were carried out by officers involved with the Operations for the Liberation of the People, ostensibly a crime reduction initiative. These officers may have killed more than 500 people between July 2015 and March 2017 as a way to showcase crime-reduction results, it says. They are alleged to have faked evidence to make it look as though the victims died in an exchange of fire. The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein, called for an international investigation and has suggested the International Criminal Court could also become involved. UN investigators have been denied access to Venezuela - a current member of the Human Rights Council - and made their findings from interviews with witnesses and victims. Some of the other evidence comes from former attorney general Luisa Ortega. She was fired by Mr Maduro last year and went into exile. Earlier this week the US quit the UN Human Mr Hussein has also accused Venezuela of failing to acknowledge the depth of its crisis, which has seen hundreds of thousands of people flee abroad. "When a box of hypertension pills costs more than the monthly minimum wage and baby milk formula more than two months' salary, but protesting against such an impossible situation can land you in jail, the extreme injustice of it all is stark," he added. Rights Council, having previously criticised the body for failing to act against a number of countries, including Venezuela.

Police have arrested a suspect in connection with the death of US rapper XXXTentacion, US media say. The suspect, named as Dedrick D Williams, 22, is facing a charge of first-degree murder. The 20-year-old rapper, real name Jahseh Onfroy, was shot as he left a motorcycle dealership in south Florida on Monday and died later in hospital. Often described as one of rap's most controversial artists, he quickly rose to fame with two hit albums. He was facing domestic violence charges. It is not clear whether police are looking for other suspects. Meanwhile an elderly couple faced death threats following social media rumours falsely linking them to the rapper's death. Police are guarding their home after a fan of the rapper posing as a pizza delivery man tried to visit them. Mr Williams, who was arrested on Wednesday, has also been charged with a probation violation for theft of a motor vehicle and driving without a valid licence, the New York Daily News reports. Onfroy was leaving the dealership shortly before 16:00 local time on Monday when two men approached him, officials say. At least one of them shot him before both fled the scene in Deerfield Beach, 43 miles (69km) north of Miami, in a dark-coloured SUV. Video posted on social media apparently showed Onfroy slumped in his car. A witness told celebrity news website TMZ that multiple shots had been fired outside the dealership. The Broward County Sherriff's Office had offered a $3,000 (£2,200) reward for any information about the killing.

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Intel has never forgotten that its LGA 1151 platform targets mainstream buyers, even as its 2017 Coffee Lake series CPU launch included only a high-end Z-series chipset. Normally reserved for overclocking enthusiasts, those Z370 boards hardly seemed to be the most value-oriented solution for the clock-locked CPUs that followed the initial K-series chips. April’s H370 and B360 launch finally brought us a full spectrum of sub-$140 boards, including a feature-packed ATX, budget Micro-ATX, and more middling Mini ITX model. With those baselines set, the real competition for value supremacy begins with the Fatal1ty H370 Performance from ASRock. The $125 Fatal1ty H370's Performance undercuts its chief rival, the H370 Aorus Gaming 3 WiFi, by around $15. Both boards feature a single PCIe x16 slot, an x16-length slot that runs at x4 speeds, two M.2 storage slots, a single short M.2 Key-E slot for Wi-Fi adapters, USB Type A and Type-C 10Gb/s ports on the I/O panel, Intel’s i219V networking hardware, and Realtek’s ALC1220 audio codec. But as comprehensive as those similarities appear, there are a few smaller details the could separate the two boards in larger ways. ASRock solves one of the major deficiencies we found in its competitor’s review by adding an antenna bracket to its I/O shield, rather than relying on a slot adapter plate. ASRock also uses a DisplayPort graphics option to replace its competitors DVI connector, and even appeals to those using old equipment by also adding a VGA port. The picture changes a bit as we zoom out though, because the Fatal1ty H370 Performance lacks the Intel 1.73Gb/s Wi-Fi controller of its Gigabyte rival. Instead, we see an empty Key-E/CNVi combination slot. CNVi is a new codec-card interface developed by Intel to host its faster Wi-Fi controller. The empty Key-E/CNVi slot rests between the metal-reinforced x16 slot and its four-pathway fraternal twin. The absence of Wi-Fi hardware on this ASRock board is enough by itself to offset the price difference between it and its Gigabyte rival. Though some buyers don’t care about Wi-Fi, those who think they might add a module later should note that the ASRock board does not include the extra-long antenna wires that would be required to snake around the PCIe x16 slot. The lack of antenna wires makes the smartly-placed Wi-Fi antenna bracket less useful. You may have noticed in the above photo that the forward edges of the PCIe x1 slots aren’t capped. Open-ended PCIe slots allow longer cards to be fitted, as long as enough power is available via the shorter slot and/or a supplemental power cable, and ASRock was even careful enough to maintain clearance for cards up to x16-length on three of those slots. Unfortunately, the middle x1 slot shares its PCIe pathway with the M.2 Key-E slot, and the lower two x1 slots share pathways with the four-lane slot above them, forcing the latter down to x2-modewhen either of those slots are filled. Only the uppermost x1 slot gets its own PCIe pathway, and its ability to support longer cards is compromised by the placement of the top M.2 storage slot. The Fatal1ty H370 Performance's ten-phase voltage regulator competes on spec with its Gigabyte rival, and we even find the same number of four-pin fan headers--three on the bottom edge, one above and one below the CPU socket. But while the Gigabyte board offered a 10Gb/s front-panel header in addition to USB 3.0, ASRock chose instead to feature two USB 3.0 headers for the front panel. As with its competitor, the Fatal1ty H370 Performance’s two M.2 storage slots also share resources with SATA. In this case, placing a SATA M.2 card in the top slot disables the SATA port 2, and placing a SATA M.2 drive in the second storage slot disables SATA port 1. Oddly, placing an NVMe drive in the second M.2 storage slot disables SATA port 0. That type of resource switching certainly is frustrating, but common, and can only be attributed to Intel’s flexible-pathway (HSIO) design. While one RGB connector is placed at the Fatal1ty H370 Performance's top edge, the bottom edge is packed with front-panel audio, chassis intrusion, trusted platform module, serial port, three fan, addressable LED, a second RGB LED, two USB 2.0, PC (beep code) speaker, 3-pin power LED, and standard front panel LED/switch headers. A Thunderbolt add-in card header sits just below the second long PCIe slot, but getting the required four pathways to that slot requires builders to leave both x1 slots below empty. Packed with documentation in print and on CD, the Fatal1ty H370 Performance's box also includes just two SATA cables, an I/O shield, and some easy-to-loose M.2 screws to aid installation. One of the SATA cables has a right-angle end, the other is straight on both ends.

The chief minister of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir, Mehbooba Mufti, has resigned after the ruling Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) quit a coalition with her party. The BJP said the three-year alliance with the People's Democratic Party (PDP) had become "untenable" in the wake of increasing violence. The PDP's decision to ally with the BJP had been seen as controversial. Its time in power was marked by rising violence in the Kashmir valley. Influential Kashmiri journalist Shujaat Bukhari was killed by unidentified gunmen as he was leaving his office in Srinagar last week. Mr Bukhari's death was cited as one of the reasons for the BJP pulling out of the alliance. The decision also came days after the UN's human rights office called for an independent inquiry into human rights violations in both parts of Kashmir, run respectively by India and Pakistan. What led to the split? The BJP and PDP alliance was an uneasy one even at the best of times, with the two being very unlikely coalition partners on paper. Since its formation in 1951, the BJP has maintained a hardline stance on the Kashmir issue and has stood for the repeal of Article 370 of India's constitution which grants special autonomous status to the state. In sharp contrast to the BJP, the PDP has been seen as a pro-Kashmir party. Critics accuse it of peddling "soft separatism" revolving around reconciliation with Pakistan and separatist groups fighting against Indian rule in Kashmir. When the alliance was forged between then PDP leader Mufti Mohammad Sayeed and the BJP, many of the party's supporters saw it as a betrayal of its people and backers. Has the conflict worsened? This uneasiness marked the entire three years the coalition was in power. It saw increased violence and protests against Indian rule, with civilians often clashing with security forces. The two parties disagreed over how to handle the situation. While the PDP called for more restraint, the BJP advocated a more hardline approach. During this time Indian forces were also accused of using "disproportionate violence" against civilian protesters. The use of pellet guns to disperse protests was condemned around the world as thousands of civilians suffered injuries. Many lost their sight completely. The BJP gave two main reasons for quitting the alliance: the deteriorating law and order situation in Indian-administered Kashmir, and the lack of development in other parts of the state. PDP president Mehbooba Mufti told reporters that her party believes in reconciliation while the BJP insisted on following "muscular policies" which cannot bring peace to Kashmir. "We worked for months to form an understanding with the BJP. We wanted the BJP to start the process of reconciliation in Kashmir and ease tensions with Pakistan," she added. What's next? The state will be put under governor's rule unless another coalition forms the government or fresh elections are called. Forming a government will require the support of 44 of the 89 legislators in the state assembly. The elections in 2015 gave the PDP 28 legislators while the BJP won 25. If the PDP were to ally with the Congress party which has 12 lawmakers, they would also need the support of the state's three elected independent lawmakers to get the required numbers. In another scenario, the Congress, the PDP and the main opposition National Conference (NC) could come together to form a government. But the chances of these parties coming together are slim because the PDP and NC have always been at loggerheads in the state. The leader of the NC, former Chief Minister Omar Abdullah, is reportedly on his way to meet the governor. He tweeted "so it has come to pass" after the news of the BJP pullout but has not commented since.

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AMD's Radeon RX 580 is old news at this point. But in a way, that makes it the perfect card for ASRock's debut as a graphics company. The platform is stable. The competition is established. And the stakes are relatively low. If you're not already familiar with the GPU at the heart of this Phantom Gaming X Radeon RX580 8G OC, check out our AMD Radeon RX 580 8GB Review. Or, go even further back in time to our AMD Radeon RX 480 8GB Review, when the Ellesmere GPU made its grand entrance. Today's introduction takes those two years of valuable lessons and applies them to a mainstream card that was clearly designed with cost savings in mind. VERDICT This card could set a new bar for performance per dollar, so long as ASRock sets its price correctly. The company clearly shaved off plenty of cost; now it needs to pass those savings on to its customers. Performance is right there where we'd expect, you get plenty of display outputs, the dual-slot form factor fits well in most cases, and a single eight-pin power connector is no problem for most PSUs. Sure, ASRock could have used a beefier heat sink, taking some pressure off of the fans to spin so fast. But as it stands, the Phantom Gaming X gives us no reason to recommend a pricier Radeon RX 580, and that's a compliment. The Radeon RX 580's performance is already well-known, so this card's success depends on whether its relatively small thermal solution, lack of a backplate, and absence of eye-catching LEDs can push pricing low enough to undercut competing 580s. Since we got our hands on the Phantom Gaming X before it landed on store shelves, we can only guess that ASRock wants to go up against Sapphire's Nitro+, Gigabyte's Gaming 8G, and PowerColor's Red Dragon, the least-expensive Radeon RX 580s out there. Unfortunately, U.S.-based readers may have to wait a while to find out: ASRock is only selling into South American and APEC countries to start. Unboxing, Look, And Feel A weight of just 598g tells us that ASRock went with a conservatively-sized thermal solution to cool AMD's Ellesmere GPU. Still, measuring 26.7cm from the slot bracket to the end of the fan shroud, this is a fairly long graphics card. The 10.5cm height and 3.5cm width measurements keep ASRock's Phantom Gaming X within the dimensions of a true dual-slot form factor. Two 8.5cm fans sit in 8.7cm openings. A total of nine rotor blades per fan are optimized for moving air through the heat sink, so they generate more static pressure than fans designed for turbulent flow. ASRock shaves off some cost by not using a backplate. That's a sensible decision in our opinion; it wouldn't have done much for cooling, and it isn't needed for stabilization since the thermal solution is so light. Peering in from the bottom, we can see that ASRock uses horizontally-oriented fins. This is our preference because it allows some hot air to exhaust from the slot bracket. The alternative, fins rotated to face vertically, pushes hot air down toward the motherboard and against the side of your case. An eight-pin auxiliary power connector visible from the top is rotated by 180 degrees, making it easier to access. On a pricier model, you might expect ASRock's logo to be back-lit with LEDs. That's not the case for its Phantom Gaming X though, and we're fine with this. The slot bracket features five familiar outputs. In addition to the single DVI connector, you get one HDMI 2.0 port (particularly useful for VR HMDs) and three DisplayPort 1.4-ready interfaces. Ventilation holes cut into the plate allow some hot air to travel through the horizontal fins and out of your chassis. The following screenshot from GPU-Z conveys this card's maximum clock rates. In reality, the Phantom Gaming X's power and temperature limits mean those frequencies often aren't sustainable, though

The chief executive of German carmaker Audi, Rupert Stadler, has been arrested in connection with an investigation into the diesel emissions scandal. A spokesman for Volkswagen, which owns Audi, confirmed he was being held. Munich prosecutors said they had acted because of a risk that Mr Stadler might seek to suppress evidence. The scandal erupted three years ago, when it emerged that cars had been fitted with devices designed to cheat emissions tests. The devices were initially found in VW's cars, but its Audi subsidiary has also been embroiled in the scandal. Last month, it admitted that another 60,000 A6 and A7 models with diesel engines have emission software issues. That is on top of the 850,000 recalled last year by Audi, of which only some have been found to require modification. The so-called dieselgate emissions scandal first came to light in September 2015. Volkswagen admitted that nearly 600,000 cars sold in the US were fitted with "defeat devices" designed to circumvent emissions tests. The carmaker said it had installed software in 11 million diesel cars worldwide that could tell when they were being tested and cut their emissions. On the open road, untested, the level of emissions would in practice be far higher - up to 40 times as bad as recorded under laboratory conditions.

Greek Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras has survived a no-confidence vote over the deal his government made to settle a name dispute with Macedonia. It was tabled by the country's main opposition party, New Democracy, but was rejected by a margin of 153-127. The result paves the way for an historic signing ceremony on Sunday. Mr Tsipras and his Macedonian counterpart Zoran Zaev have agreed that Greece's neighbour will be renamed the Republic of North Macedonia. The aim of the deal was to distinguish it from a province in northern Greece also called Macedonia. The name has been a subject of contention for more than two decades since the break-up of the former Yugoslavia, with Athens arguing that by using the name Macedonia the country was implying it had a claim to the Greek region. But opposition figures in Greece argue that Mr Tsipras has made too many concessions in the deal. On Saturday, protesters angry with the government briefly clashed with police on the steps of the parliament building. What happens now? Following the vote, the foreign ministers from both countries are expected to meet on the border for a ceremony in which they will sign the agreement. Greek Foreign Minister Nikos Kotzias and Macedonia's Nikola Dimitrov will sign the pact on Sunday and both prime ministers will be present. But there is still some way to go before the name change becomes official. So could the change be stopped? Yes, the agreement will have to overcome a few obstacles before it goes through. Macedonia's parliament will first need to back the deal. That would be followed by a referendum in September or October. If voters there support it, the government would have to change the constitution which is a key Greek demand. Things have been complicated further as Macedonia's President Gjorge Ivanov is refusing to sign the agreement. He has the power to veto the deal - but not indefinitely. If he refuses to sign it, it will be sent back to parliament for a second vote. If it passes again, President Ivanov would then be obliged to approve the legislation. The deal will finally have to be ratified by the Greek parliament, a process which may also not be straightforward.

German police are searching flats in a Cologne tower block where a Tunisian man is suspected of having kept highly toxic ricin. The 29-year-old man, named in German media only as Sief Allah H, is being questioned by police. Police stormed his flat on Tuesday and found a chemical which turned out to be ricin. He is suspected of planning a biological terror attack. Ricin is a poison found naturally in castor beans. German security sources quoted by RP news, which is based in the Cologne region, said the quantity of ricin found was enough for up to 1,000 toxic doses. Police have sealed off the apartment block in Cologne-Chorweiler district. They are searching two flats rented by the suspect, as well as six other empty flats and some public areas in the building. The authorities say there is no immediate danger to the other residents. Experts from the Robert Koch Institute - a prestigious scientific research centre - are with police at the scene. Germany's top constitutional protection official, Hans-Georg Maassen, said it was "very probable that a terror attack was foiled here". Ricin can be made from waste left over from processing castor beans, the US Centers for Disease Control (CDC) says. It can take the form of powder, a mist, or a pellet, or it can be dissolved in water or weak acid. Ricin made headlines internationally when it was found to have killed a Bulgarian dissident, Georgi Markov, in an infamous umbrella stabbing in London during the Cold War. The exiled writer and BBC journalist, an opponent of Bulgaria's then-Communist government, was stabbed in the thigh in 1978. Later a tiny hollow pellet was found in his body. German media report that the suspect in Cologne was investigated after he had bought 1,000 castor seeds and an electric coffee grinder on the internet.

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Toshiba has been in the SSD business nearly since the beginning, and the Toshiba RC100 is the latest addition to the company's extensive portfolio of SSDs. It aims to bring M.2 NVMe performance to the mainstream SSD market, sitting between the current OCZ RD400 (faster M.2) and OCZ TR200 (slower SATA) product lines. But price isn't the only factor, as the RC100 goes with the less common and more compact M.2 2242 form factor. If you're building a NUC or upgrading storage in some laptops, that smaller package may be the only selling point you need to see—Newegg for instance doesn't show any other M.2 2242 PCIe SSDs, with the only other M.2 2242 options using a SATA interface. (2242 if you're wondering is for 22mm x 42mm, the dimensions of the drive area.) If I've missed some other SSD, let me know, but otherwise the RC100 is currently the only 2242 drive that uses PCIe. Toshiba's secret to packing up to 480GB of NAND into a 22x42 mm package is that it stacks the controller and NAND into a single chip. Here's a quick overview of the three capacities launching today. Like many other NAND manufacturers, Toshiba is moving to 3D NAND, which it calls BiCS (Bit Cost Scaling, if you're wondering). The RC100 uses 64-layer TLC BiCS NAND, with an in-house designed controller that we don't know much about other than the core specs Toshiba gives in the above table. The result is some of the lowest official prices I've seen on NVMe drives of similar capacity. So far so good, but what's the catch? There are several. First, the RC100 lacks any DRAM cache, opting to use Host Memory Buffer (HMB) to keep performance up. The RC100 also uses a PCIe x2 interface, meaning maximum theoretical throughput tops out at around 2GB/s—not that it really matters here, since the drive is only rated for lower speeds. And speaking of speeds, note that all the results in the above table are "up to" values, which means in some cases you'll see the drives fall well short of those marks. The lower capacity drives have lower performance as well, and a higher cost per GB. Toshiba pegs the RC100 as an in-between option compared to its RD400 and TR200 SSDs, and on paper the specs look about right. The cost per GB is higher than the best values for SATA SSDs, particularly on the lower capacity models, so I'd recommend sticking with the 480GB model if possible. That will give you the most storage, the highest endurance, and the best value, and it's only moderately more expensive than a good SATA drive. So let's look at how the RC100 performs. I've highlighted the RC100 in the charts in green, with the SATA 860 Evo 500GB included and highlighted in red to show how one of the fastest SATA drives fares. All the remaining drives are NVMe models, mostly M.2 2280 though a few use AIC (add-in card) form factors. There's some variation in capacity based on what I received for testing, with 480-512GB being the current 'sweet spot'—though 1TB-class drives are becoming increasingly common and attractively priced. The SSD benchmark suite consists of a mix of theoretical and real-world metrics. Other tests are also run both to condition the drive and to ensure there are no oddities, but for the charts I focus on CrystalDiskMark, IOMeter (mixed read/write performance), file copying, and PCMark 8 Storage. I take the results (in MB/s) from eight of the tests and give each equal weighting (ie, geometric mean) to come up with the aggregate score. While it's impossible for a single number to tell you everything you need to know about an SSD, it provides a good high-level view of what to expect. In terms of overall performance, the Toshiba RC100 sits near the bottom of several charts, with QD1 random write performance at the very bottom. But it's the IOMeter mixed random IO result that's particularly painful, and it really drags down the overall ranking of the drive. I retested the RC100 in IOMeter multiple times and contacted Toshiba to discuss my results, but the current firmware consistently chokes on the intense random IO testing. The IOMeter testing consists of five minutes of sustained 100 percent IO, varying from 100 percent reads to 100 percent writes, with three intermediate steps of 75/25, 50/50, and 25/75 read/write ratios. The sequential results look okay, but the random results are terrible. While this sort of load isn't something you're likely to encounter in real-world use, particularly with a budget SSD, it does raise a red flag. If a brand new RC100 can drop to sustained throughput of only 20MB/s, what will the drive performance look like in two years? The 32.5MB/s IOMeter random average is the worst I've seen from almost any SSD. The only drive that did worse in this test is Toshiba's SATA TR200. Advertisement But how much does this one result matter in the big picture? Home users aren't running 100 percent random IO workloads, unless they're running benchmarks for fun (yeah, I do that too). The most difficult task you might throw at an SSD in regular use is to copy a bunch of files from one folder on the drive to another, and the RC100 does okay in that test, almost double the performance of the best SATA drives. But among NVMe SSDs, it never rises above the bottom third of the charts (except for the CrystalDiskMark QD1 read result, where it falls in the middle). My take: the heavy random IO testing is useful information, but not the most important metric. It's intended to push drives to their limits, and the RC100 clearly has issues with such workloads. The Toshiba RC100 lives and dies by its small size Advertisement The RC100 is an interesting drive, mostly because of its form factor. I don't have many devices where I can't use an M.2 2280 SSD, and for standard desktops there's really no need. In fact, the compact design may have a higher potential to throttle due to temperatures in some situations, like if it's under a hot graphics card. I checked for throttling in my IOMeter tests by aiming a fan at the SSD, and performance didn't change much, but the drive is clear of other heat sources for my tests. Anyway, if you have a laptop or NUC and you can only use a 2242 form factor M.2 drive into it, you're stuck choosing between M.2 SATA and the RC100. The RC100 is also reasonably priced, particularly compared to other M.2 NVMe drives. The cheaper alternatives like the Kingston A1000 and Corsair MP300 are drives I haven't tested (yet), and the specs look relatively similar to the RC100. I have tested the Adata SX7000 512GB, which is the only NVMe SSD that's slower than the RC100, and it's also the least expensive M.2 NVMe drive around. But let's talk about the RC100 price a bit more. Officially, according to the latest information from Toshiba, the prices are as shown above: $60 for 120GB, $80 for 240GB, and $155 for 480GB. However, those prices are lower than the initially planned prices of $65, $95, and $190. Toshiba likely saw the drop in SSD prices and changed the recommended pricing for the RC100 accordingly. If you look at Newegg, the current prices match the initial MSRPs, and the same goes for Amazon. Those prices should drop to reflect the revised MSRPs, which will make the RC100 far more compelling. At the current prices, unless you really need the 2242 size right now, you should wait or get something else. My biggest concern with the RC100 is that despite seemingly decent specs, the sustained random IO performance is very low. That may not affect most users at first, but the whole point of NVMe drives is to break past the SATA bottleneck. The RC100 certainly does so when it comes to sequential throughput, and many common workloads are closer to sequential than random IO in nature. This is also a value-focused drive, so talking about continuous read/write speeds may be a bit unfair. What's important to understand is that long-term, how a drive behaves under stressful situations when it's new will often reflect on how the drive performs a year or two down the line. It's difficult to test long-term performance and reliability for SSDs, and it's impossible to come to any meaningful conclusions about long-term results after just one week spent with a drive. However, weaknesses in areas like sustained random IO can often resurface even for light use once a drive has been in use for a couple of years. Hopefully Toshiba can improve things with future firmware updates, and maybe the drive will continue to work just fine outside of torture testing for years to come. Toshiba SSDs are generally reliable, and they're used in many OEM PCs, but they're often not the fastest solutions. Overall, the primary virtue of the RC100 is that it's the only PCIe NVMe M.2 2242 drive currently available. If you need that for a laptop or SFF PC upgrade, great. You can also add 10 points to the score in that case. But if you don't need the small size, which includes most desktop and laptop users, there are better alternatives.

Newly published private travel diaries have revealed Albert Einstein's racist and xenophobic views. Written between October 1922 and March 1923, the diaries track his experiences in Asia and the Middle East. In them, he makes sweeping and negative generalisations, for example calling the Chinese "industrious, filthy, obtuse people". Einstein would later in life advocate for civil rights in the US, calling racism "a disease of white people". Published by Princeton University Press, The Travel Diaries of Albert Einstein: The Far East, Palestine, and Spain, 1922-1923 was edited by Ze'ev Rosenkranz, assistant director of the California Institute of Technology's Einstein Papers Project. Einstein travelled from Spain to the Middle East and via Sri Lanka, then called Ceylon, on to China and Japan. The physicist describes arriving in Port Said in Egypt and facing "Levantines of every shade... as if spewed from hell" who come aboard their ship to sell their goods. He also describes his time in Colombo in Ceylon, writing of the people: "They live in great filth and considerable stench down on the ground, do little, and need little." But the famous physicist reserves his most cutting comments for Chinese people. According to a piece in the Guardian about the diaries, he describes Chinese children as "spiritless and obtuse", and calls it "a pity if these Chinese supplant all other races". In other entries he calls China "a peculiar herd-like nation," and "more like automatons than people", before claiming there is "little difference" between Chinese men and women, and questioning how the men are "incapable of defending themselves" from female "fatal attraction". Noted for both his scientific brilliance and his humanitarianism, Albert Einstein emigrated to the US in 1933 after the rise of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party. The Jewish scientist described racism as "a disease of white people" in a 1946 speech at Lincoln University in Pennsylvania. Diaries reflect changing views Analysis by Chris Buckler, BBC News, Washington Einstein's theory of relativity changed how people thought about space and time but these diaries demonstrate how his own personal views about race seem to have altered over the years. The writings may have been intended as private thoughts but their publication will upset some in America, where campaigners still celebrate Albert Einstein as one of the voices that helped shine a light on segregation. When he moved to the US in 1933 he was taken aback by the separate schools and cinemas for blacks and whites and Einstein subsequently joined the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. He is said to have told people that he saw similarities in the way Jews were being hounded in Germany and how African-Americans were being treated in his new homeland. He chose Lincoln University in Pennsylvania, a historically black college, to give one of his most damning speeches just a year after the end of World War Two. Some who study Einstein's writings from the 1920s may argue that there is a possibility that he believed that because of his own feelings. His diaries are full of gut reactions and private insights. In the context of the 21st Century they may tarnish the reputation of a man who is revered almost as much as a humanitarian as a scientist. But the words were written before he saw what racism could lead to in America and Germany - a country he had effectively fled.

Saudi-backed forces have begun an assault on the key Yemeni port of Hudaydah, which is held by rebels. Hudaydah is the main point of entry for aid in Yemen's three-year civil war and agencies have warned of a humanitarian catastrophe if it is attacked. More than seven million people in the war-torn country are dependent on aid. Bombing started after Iranian-backed Houthi rebels ignored a deadline set by the exiled government to withdraw by midnight (21:00 GMT on Tuesday). The Saudi-owned Al-Arabiya network reported that the "liberation" of Hudaydah had begun with a large-scale ground assault supported by air and naval cover. Explosions were heard on the outskirts of the port city, it added. "The liberation of Hudaydah port is a turning point in our struggle to recapture Yemen from the militias that hijacked it to serve foreign agendas," the government of President Abdrabbuh Mansour Hadi said. The Saudi-backed coalition and the government have accused the rebels of using the port to smuggle in Iranian weapons, which the rebels deny. The United Arab Emirates Junior Foreign Minister Anwar Gargash told the BBC that the coalition had run out of patience with diplomatic efforts after a previous 48-hour deadline expired. He said the coalition wanted the UN to take control of the port but it was prepared to take military action if the Houthis refused to withdraw. The civil war in Yemen has killed about 10,000 people over the past three years and created what the UN says is the world's worst humanitarian disaster. A Saudi-led multinational coalition intervened in the conflict in Yemen in March 2015 as forces loyal to President Hadi battled the Houthi movement, which champions Yemen's Zaidi Shia Muslim minority.