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Chickens are native to the tropical jungles of Southeast Asia, but over the last approximately 8,000 years, chickens have been domesticated and spread around the globe to become one of the most valued domesticated animals. These fairly shy forest birds lack the ability for long-distance flying and are not migratory. As such, their spread around the world is not just a tale of domestication, but one that is intimately linked to the movements of people around the world. Darwin was the first to suggest that all domestic chickens descended from the red junglefowl Gallus gallus. The earliest archaeological evidence for domesticated chickens has been reported from sites in China, where chicken bones had been found dating back to 10,000-8000 years ago (West and Zhou, 1988; Xiang et al., 2014). However, close examination of the reported chicken remains found that most, if not all, bones identified as chicken are ring-necked pheasants, a species common in China, instead (Peters et al., 2016; Eda et al., 2015). Evidence from China regarding the early domestication of chickens remains controversial, but chicken remains from the Indus Valley in northern India suggests that domesticated chickens were present in southern Asia 4,000 years ago. The rise of new molecular techniques, such as DNA analysis, allowed scientists to look at the domestication of chickens at a whole new level. An early study of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) showed that domestic chickens indeed descended from the red junglefowl, and indicated that a single domestication event had taken place in Thailand (Fumihito et al., 1996). More recent studies showed that the domestication of chickens occurred in at least three separate regions in Asia (Liu et al., 2006). Moreover, domesticated chickens interbred with local po[CENSORED]tions of different wild jungle fowl species; the gene for yellow legs, an ubiquitous characteristic of domesticated chickens, can be traced back to the closely related grey junglefowl (Gallus sonneratii) (Eriksson et al., 2008) rather than the red junglefowl. From southern Asia, the chicken left its natural range behind and embarked on its Grand Tour. Domestic chickens reached West Asia and the Near East during the third and second millennium BC, and were introduced to Europe by the Phoenicians during the 8th century BC (Perry-Gal et al., 2015). Up till then, chickens had had a mostly ceremonial or symbolic role, as evidenced by the inclusion of chickens in burials, clay figurines in early Chinese cultures and mentions of chickens in early texts. As chickens spread through Europe, chicken remains in archaeological assemblages became more abundant. This indicates that chickens had started to form an established part of European livestock, and the sagas have it that when the Vikings colonised Iceland in the 10th century, they took along their chickens. Today’s chickens represent a range of different sizes, body proportions, plumage colours, behaviour, and physiological traits related to meat and egg production. Although it is thought that many modern breeds originated relatively recently (in the 18th-19th century), evidence from historical sources suggests that selective breeding was already practiced during Roman times and that several regions had their own domestic chickens with particular characteristics (de Cupere et al., 2005). The spread of chickens from Asia south- and eastwards is thought to have been initiated by the first farmers, or Austronesians, who spread from mainland China into Island South East Asia around 5000 years ago. With them, they took pottery and agriculture including domestic animals such as pigs and dogs (Bellwood and Dizon, 2006). Although archaeological chicken remains from this region are very scarce, it is assumed that chickens formed part of this agricultural package as well. When the Polynesians subsequently colonized the Pacific island archipelagos, chickens were taken with them. Remains of chickens have been found in archaeological assemblages all over the Pacific region, and on the Hawaiian island Kauai, chickens introduced by the Polynesians some 800 years ago now run wild. Controversial evidence even suggests that the Polynesians brought chickens to South America (Storey et al., 2007) long before Columbus set foot on the continent. Given the widespread introductions of chickens (and other commensals such as the Pacific rat Rattus exulans) by the Polynesians, it was generally assumed that the same had happened when the Polynesians colonized New Zealand in the thirteenth century. But chickens were conspicuously absent from the earliest Polynesian archaeological assemblages. Had they been overlooked? Lost to disease or predation after their arrival? Was the abundance of large flightless birds that required little effort to capture reason to abandon the keeping of chickens? Or, were they never there in the first place? To settle the question of when chickens arrived in New Zealand, researchers used radiocarbon dating to assess the age of three archaeological chicken bones that could potentially date to the period of Polynesian colonisation. Surprisingly, the bones turned out to be quite young, with median ages of 1756, 1757 and 1840 - although note that the radiocarbon method yields age probability distributions rather than a single age, (Wood et al., 2016). These ages postdate the arrival of Polynesians by far, and pre-date permanent European settlement, but their age distributions overlap with the arrival of Captain James Cook’s second voyage in 1773. Moreover, Cook recorded gifting several chickens, both hens and cocks, to local Māori on several occasions. Little is known regarding the fate of these chickens, and it is unclear if the bones sampled in this study represent the chickens that were gifted by Captain Cook, or their descendants. The trading by Māori of other European items between settlements along the coast suggests that Māori were quick to incorporate chickens into their diet. This may not just have been a matter of taste. Before the arrival of humans, New Zealand was home to a unique terrestrial fauna that included large flightless birds such as the moa, and large numbers of sea birds that bred in colonies on land. Much of the native fauna had gone extinct in less than two centuries after the Polynesians arrived. Moreover, evidence from East Polynesia suggests that long-distance trading had almost ceased around that time, and that the ability to make long voyages may have been lost among Māori. With protein sources dwindling rapidly, and without the possibility to resupply by long-distance trading, Māori were facing limited food resources. The arrival of chickens may have been met with relief. Despite their title of the oldest chicken bones from New Zealand, the bones do not answer the question of whether or not chickens were introduced to New Zealand by the first Polynesians. However, the authors argue, had chickens been on board of the first Polynesian canoes and formed an established part of the settlers’ diet, their bones would have been more abundant in the earliest Polynesian assemblages, as is the case on other Polynesian islands. The fact that New Zealand was teeming with a diverse terrestrial fauna that was easy prey may have been enough incentive to leave the chicken be. References Bellwood and Dizon, 2005. The Batanes Archaeological Project and the “Out of Taiwan” Hypothesis for Austronesian Dispersal. Journal of Austronesian Studies 1:1-32. de Cupere et al, 2005. Ancient breeds of domestic fowl (Gallus gallus f. domestica) distinguished on the basis of traditional observations combined with mixture analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science 32:1587-1597. Eda et al., 2016. Reevaluation of early Holocene chicken domestication in northern China. Journal of Archaeological Science 67:25-31. Eriksson et al., 2008. Identification of the yellow skin gene reveals a hybrid origin of the domestic chicken. PLoS Genetics 4(2) e1000010. Fumihito et al 1996. Monophyletic origin and unique dispersal patterns of domestic fowls. PNAS 93:6792-6795. Liu et al 2006. Multiple maternal origins of chickens: out of the Asian jungles. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 38:12-19. Perry-Gal et al., 2015. Earliest economic exploitation of chicken outside East Asia: Evidence from the Hellenistic Southern Levant. PNAS 112: 9849–9854. Peters et al., 2016. Holocene cultural history of Red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus) and its domestic descendant in East Asia. Quaternary Science Reviews 142:102-119. Storey et al., 2007. Radiocarbon and DNA evidence for a pre-Columbian introduction of Polynesian chickens to Chile. PNAS 104: 10335–10339. West and Zhou 1988. Did chickens go north? New evidence for domestication. Journal of Archaeological Science 15:515-533. Wood et al., 2016. Origin and timing of New Zealand’s earliest domestic chickens: Polynesian commensals or European introductions? Royal Society Open Science 3:160258. Xiang et al., 2014. Early Holocene chicken domestication in northern China. PNAS 111:17564–17569. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/aug/24/how-did-the-chicken-a-shy-forest-bird-migrate-around-the-globe-new-zealan

Teenage star Mirra Andreeva produced a stunning performance to demolish Ons Jabeur at the Australian Open, while Coco Gauff came through a tough test to reach the third round in Melbourne. Andreeva counts Jabeur as her idol but she was utterly ruthless under the roof on Rod Laver Arena, defeating the sixth seed and two-time Wimbledon finalist 6-0 6-2 in just 54 minutes.Jabeur could only smile in astonishment at some of the shots Andreeva played, while she celebrated like an underdog when she finally won a game at the start of the second set. She was unable to stall Andreeva for long, though, with Andreeva branding it the best match she has played as last year's girls' singles final cruised into the last 32. "In the first set I played really amazing tennis, I didn't expect that from myself," said the teenager. "I'm happy I played with Ons [Jabeur]. It was one of my dreams to play against her, because I really like the way she plays. It meant a lot, this match that I won.Another young Russian making waves in Melbourne is 20-year-old qualifier Maria Timofeeva, who is playing in the main draw of a Grand Slam for the first time and ended former champion Caroline Wozniacki's comeback. The Dane retired here four years ago and is back with her two young children in tow but she could not build on a strong start, losing 1-6 6-4 6-1. Wozniacki has other responsibilities now but she could not hide her disappointment, saying: "I would like to say that in my mind I can just kind of brush it under the carpet but it sucks just as much. Losing now and losing back then, it doesn't really change. "As a competitor, you want to win everything. When you have the family here and you bring everyone, you want to win even more because you want to stay longer and not have to move around. I felt like this was my match to win, and I didn't." Dolehide served for the opening set at 6-5 before US Open champion Gauff - who battled issues with her first serve - came through in the tie-breaker, before improving in the next to safely reach the last-32. "It was really hard," Gauff said. "If you give her something short, she's going to punish you for it, so if I could go back and do something I'd change that." Gauff will next play another American, Alycia Parks, who reached the third round of a Grand Slam singles tournament for the first time with a 7-5, 6-4 win over 32nd-ranked Leylah Fernandez. Czech ninth seed Barbora Krejcikova secured a straight sets win, firing off 30 winners and eight aces to ease past Germany's Tamara Korpatsch 6-2 6-2. Aryna Sabalenka headlines Wednesday night's action, as the defending champion faces 16-year-old Brenda Fruhvirtova, https://www.skysports.com/tennis/news/12110/13049968/australian-open-ons-jabuer-caroline-wozniacki-beaten-as-coco-gauff-reaches-third-round-in-melbourne

The FBI has begun an investigation after the BBC revealed claims that the former CEO of Abercrombie & Fitch (A&F) sexually exploited and abused men at events he hosted around the world. Mike Jeffries and his British partner also face a civil lawsuit alleging they ran a sex-trafficking operation. FBI agents are now interviewing and issuing subpoenas to potential witnesses, the BBC understands. A lawyer for Mr Jeffries declined to comment. The investigation is being led by FBI agents specialising in alleged sex crimes, and federal prosecutors from the Eastern District of New York, according to several sources. The FBI and the US Attorney's Office both declined to comment. In October, a BBC documentary and podcast series revealed allegations that Mike Jeffries and his partner Matthew Smith had exploited young men for sex at events they hosted in their New York residences and worldwide in luxurious hotels. Eight men told the BBC they had attended these events in cities including London, Paris, and Marrakesh between 2009 and 2015. They alleged Mr Jeffries and Mr Smith would engage in sexual activity with them or "direct" them to have sex with each other. Documents uncovered by the BBC, including flight tickets and event itineraries, revealed there was a highly organised operation involving a network of recruiters and a middleman, James Jacobson. The BBC tracked down Mr Jacobson, now 70, who denied any wrongdoing and said that men went to these events "with their eyes wide open". When approached at his home, Mr Jacobson repeatedly asked to "do a deal", saying "leave my name out and I'll tell you everything", which was refused by the BBC. A&F told the BBC it was "appalled and disgusted" by Mr Jeffries' alleged behaviour. The brand has since suspended a substantial part of his retirement payments totalling $1m (£792,242) a year. Through his lawyer, Mr Jeffries has always declined to comment - while Mr Smith has never responded to the BBC's allegations. Mr Jeffries, who stepped down in 2014, is considered the modern-day-founder of A&F. During his two decades in charge from the 1990s, he led the company's global expansion and created offshoot brands including Hollister and Gilly Hicks. Following the BBC's investigation, A&F was accused in a civil lawsuit of funding a sex-trafficking operation led by Mike Jeffries and Matthew Smith between 1992 and 2014. The lawsuit alleges that it is likely more than 100 men were sexually abused by Mr Jeffries while he was chief executive and that young men were mani[CENSORED]ted "under the guise of providing them with the modelling opportunity of their dreams - becoming an Abercrombie model". "It would not surprise me to hear that law enforcement is looking into this," said Brad Edwards, a civil lawyer who is now representing some of the alleged victims. Previously, Mr Jeffries' lawyer declined to comment on the allegations in the civil lawsuit, saying: "The courtroom is where we will deal with this matter." https://www.bbc.com/news/world-67991750

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Music title: @XAVI Signer: New Album 'Orquídeas Release date: Official YouTube link:

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Roblox Eternal Tower Defense codes are a great way to get extra gems so that you can get new heroes and upgrades in this virtual anime world.Eternal Tower Defense codes might feel like cheating to the most righteous of heroes, but we merely think they’re a means to an end in a fight for the greater good. With the gems on offer, you can get heroes from various anime, such as Dragon Ball Z, One Piece, and Naruto, to help you in this tower defense game. Nothing wipes out the hordes like a Kamehameha from Goku.For even more anime-based goodies, make sure you take a look at our Anime Adventures codes, Anime Punch Simulator codes, Anime Spirits codes, Death Ball codes, Project Slayers codes, Tower Defense X codes, Pet Simulator 99 codes, Blade Ball codes, and Fruit Tower Defense codes guides. Or, if you’re a Hoyoverse fan, you can grab some great goodies with our Genshin Impact codes and Honkai Star Rail codes lists. https://www.pockettactics.com/eternal-tower-defense/codes

Amazon Great Republic Day Sale 2024 started on January 13. An extensive range of products, including furniture, fashion items, home appliances and electronics, are being offered at significantly discounted rates. Over and above the sale prices, SBI cardholders are entitled to an instant 10 percent discount on EMI or credit transactions at the time of purchase. Customers opting to use Amazon Pay ICICI credit cards can enjoy welcome points and receive up to 5 percent cashback. They can also choose to pay through the no-cost EMI options if eligible. It's important to note that these offers are subject to some terms and conditions. Lastly, shoppers also have the option to exchange an older product with a newer one, where the exchange value is adjusted with the existing discount price and brought down lower. Home appliances like smart TVs, washing machines, and personal electronic gadgets like laptops and tablets are some of the top products listed with lower prices during the sale. Among the most po[CENSORED]r items being sold are smartphones. Multiple models from leading brands like OnePlus, Samsung, Redmi, etc., are listed with lucrative deals on the e-commerce site. Previously, we have told you about some of the best offers available on smartphones below Rs. 30,00 and below Rs. 20,000. Now, we bring some of the top deals you can get on the site on budget smartphones before the sale closes on January 18. https://www.gadgets360.com/internet/features/amazon-great-republic-day-sale-2024-top-budget-smartphone-deals-you-should-check-out-4867473#pfrom=topstory

Mauvaise nouvelle pour tout ceux qui attendaient avec impatience Dying Light 2, la sortie du jeu a été repoussée à une date encore inconnue. Le studio Techland l'a annoncé sur Twitter et a expliqué les raisons de ce report.Le studio polonais Techland a annoncé que Dying Light 2 ne sortira pas au printemps 2020 comme cela avait été annoncé. La sortie a été repoussée à une date encore inconnue. Une mauvaise nouvelle pour les fans de ce jeu de zombie et de parkour.

Did you just install or uninstall a piece of hardware? If so, there's a good chance the error you're seeing is related to this hardware change. Depending on what changes you made, here are some suggested solutions: Undo the hardware installation or uninstallation. Replace the hardware component with one that you know works correctly. Update the device's firmware. Make sure the hardware is on the Hardware Compatibility List. Check with the manufacturer for support information. Test your computer's memory. One very common result of a failing memory module is the sudden appearance of one or more DLL errors. Replace the memory in your PC if your tests show any problem whatsoever. Test your hard drive. Any DLL file located on a failing part of a hard drive will either become corrupted or completely disappear, causing errors among other problems. Replace the hard drive if your tests show a physical problem with the drive. Clear the CMOS. Clearing the BIOS memory on your motherboard will return the BIOS settings to their default levels. A misconfigured BIOS could cause problems with your hardware, causing a DLL error. If clearing the CMOS does fix the error, make sure any changes you make in BIOS are completed one at a time so if the error returns, you'll know which change caused the problem. Update your BIOS. In some cases, outdated BIOS could cause a hardware incompatibility that might generate a DLL error like the one you're seeing. Start your computer with essential hardware only. The purpose here is to remove as much hardware as possible while maintaining your ability to test for the DLL error. In general, essential hardware, in this case, would be the motherboard, CPU, RAM, video card, primary hard drive, monitor, keyboard, and mouse. If you no longer have the error with only essential hardware installed, proceed to Step 7. If you're still receiving the DLL error, proceed to Step 8. Don't skip this step. Learning what hardware is or isn't causing the DLL error will save you time and money when replacing hardware. Reinstall each piece of hardware you removed in Step 6, one piece at a time, testing after each installation. Since you're no longer seeing the error with only the essential hardware installed, one of the hardware components you removed is causing the DLL problem. By installing each device back into your PC and testing each time, you'll eventually find the hardware that's at the source of the problem. Replace the failed hardware once you've identified it. The above hardware installation videos should come in handy as you're reinstalling your hardware. Replace each piece of essential hardware in your computer with an identical or equivalent spare piece of hardware (that you know is working), one component at a time, to determine which piece of hardware is causing the DLL error. Test for the error after each hardware replacement to determine which component is faulty. Finally, if all else fails, you'll need to seek professional help from a computer repair service or from your computer manufacturer's technical support. Unfortunately, if you don't have working spare parts to swap in and out, you're left not knowing which piece of your essential PC hardware is faulty and causing the DLL error. In these cases, you have little option than to rely on the help of individuals or companies that have these resources. https://www.lifewire.com/fix-a-dll-issue-caused-by-a-hardware-problem-2624493

wave of attacks carried out by criminal organisations last week in Ecuador – epitomised by gunmen storming a television station live on air – has brought international attention to a security crisis that has been building for years. Ecuador has become one of the most murderous countries in what is already the world’s most homicidal region. The murder rate in the South American country has risen from five per 100,000 inhabitants in 2017 to 46 per 100,000 in 2023. States of emergency, which establish curfews and permit military action in prisons, have been frequent in Ecuador in recent years. Its president, Daniel Noboa, innovated last week with the unprecedented declaration of a state of “internal armed conflict”. By applying the laws of war to organised criminals as if they were terrorists or insurgents, the move may contravene international law, Human Rights Watch’s deputy Americas director, Juan Pappier, told the Washington Post. Commentators and critics have noted the lack of any clear exit strategy by the government. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2024/jan/15/ecuador-el-salvador-war-gangs-spiral-violence-latin-america-organised-crime

Saab was one of the earliest automakers to experiment with turbocharging. The first turbocharged Saab was the 99 model in the late 1970s. This car, first sold in Europe, has exceptionally low mileage, desirable equipment, and great colors, and it's up for auction until January 16. Sweden was once home to two very different car companies, one square and stolid (Volvo), the other freeform and innovative (Saab). But there is far more to the appeal of an early Saab than weird individuality; Saabs are deeply mechanically satisfying to drive, and when properly equipped, far quicker than you'd expect. A seminal event in Saab history was the arrival of turbocharging back in the dark days of the 1970s. As our review of the then-new Saab 99 Turbo put it, "Hello blower, goodbye boredom." This 1978 Saab 99 Turbo up for auction on Bring a Trailer—which, like Car and Driver, is part of Hearst Autos—is sure to chum the waters for the Saab cognoscenti. This early model with a whistling turbocharger under the hood has traveled less than 20,000 miles, is resplendent in Carmine Red, and rolls on a set of iconic 15-inch Inca wheels (which are specific to the 99 Turbo and designed to look like the blades of a compressor). On the first day of the auction, bidding raced past $35,000. The interior is just as good as the outside, with spectacularly comfortable seats, a sporty three-spoke wheel, and a dash-mounted boost gauge. In its day, this Euro-spec 99's 2.0-liter four-cylinder engine was good for 145 horsepower (U.S. models had 135 horses). By late-'70s standards, that's basically moose-power, enough to perhaps catch an emissions-strangled Corvette by surprise on the highway. The engine was thoroughly overhauled by a Belgian Saab specialist before the car was imported into the U.S., and it received brake work and a new clutch in 2021. But punchy boost isn't the best thing about a Saab 99; it's the wonderful character and attention to detail throughout. In that long-ago road test, C/D's David Abrahamson wrote: "The new Saab Turbo is a genuine performance car: strong, supple, good off the line, fast through the corners, whisper smooth, and lovingly screwed to­gether. Speed comes so effortlessly that the only way to stay out of traffic court is to force yourself to check the speedo every 30 seconds—and I can promise what you find there will delight you." This '78 Saab 99 Turbo looks like an ideal way to see what all the fuss was about—although the winning bidder may have to beat out a school of frenzied Saab fans. The auction ends on January 16. https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a46343396/1978-saab-99-turbo-bring-a-trailer-auction/