Real Madrid Club de Fútbol; (Royal Madrid Football Club), commonly known as Real Madrid, is a professional football club based in Madrid, Spain. Founded in 1902 as Madrid Football Club, the team has traditionally worn a white home kit since inception. The word Real is Spanish for Royal and was bestowed to the club by King Alfonso XIII in 1920 together with the royal crown in the emblem. The team has played its home matches in the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in downtown Madrid since 1947. Unlike most European sporting entities, Real Madrid's members have owned and operated the club throughout its history. The club was estimated to be worth €3.24 billion ($3.65 billionUSD) in 2015, and in the 2014–15 season it was the world's highest-earning football club, with an annual revenue of €577 million.The club is one of the most widely supported teams in the world. Real Madrid is one of three founding members of the Primera División that have never been relegated from the top division, along with Athletic Bilbao and Barcelona. The club holds many long-standing rivalries, most notably El Clásico with Barcelona and the El Derbi madrileño or Madrid derby with Atlético Madrid. Real Madrid established itself as a major force in both Spanish and European football during the 1950s, winning five consecutive European Cups and reaching the final seven times. This success was replicated in the league, where the club won five times in the space of seven years. This team, which consisted of players such as Alfredo Di Stéfano, Ferenc Puskás, Francisco Gento, Raymond Kopa, and José Santamaría, is considered by some in the sport to be the greatest team of all time. https://home.adelphi.edu/~sa21577/page2final.html

A month after Israeli allegations that a dozen United Nations staff were involved in the 7 October Hamas attack, UN investigators have yet to receive any evidence from Israel to support the claims, though they expect some material to be forthcoming “shortly”. The allegations against the 12 employees of the UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine (UNRWA) led 16 major donors to suspend contributions totalling $450m at a time when more than 2 million Gazans are facing famine. UNRWA says it is approaching “breaking point” and only has sufficient funds to continue functioning for the next month at most. The UN Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) launched an investigation on 29 January in the wake of the Israeli allegations initially presented to UNRWA in January, and delivered an update on its work to the UN secretary general, António Guterres, on Wednesday. Diplomats who saw the OIOS preliminary report said it contained no new evidence from Israel since the initial presentation of the claims in January – which were not backed by any proof. In summarising the findings, the UN spokesperson, Stéphane Dujarric, confirmed that the investigation had yet to receive corroborating material from Israel. “OIOS investigators have reviewed the initial information received by UNRWA from Israeli authorities,” Dujarric said on Thursday. “The investigation remains ongoing. OIOS will seek to corroborate additional information and to compare the information obtained with materials held by Israeli authorities, which OIOS expects to receive shortly. “OIOS staff are planning to visit Israel soon to obtain information from Israeli authorities that may be relevant to the investigation,” Dujarric said, adding that the investigators had described member state cooperation as “adequate”. He said that the investigators had consulted other member states and visited the UNRWA headquarters in Jordan to review information on UNRWA staff and operations, including electronic communications and data on the use of UN vehicles. Following news of the OIOS report, the EU announced it would resume funding of UNRWA, with payment of €50m immediately to be followed by a further €32m once the investigation was completed and a range of reforms implemented. The Wall Street Journal reported last week that an assessment by the US national intelligence council, assessed with “low confidence” that a handful of UNRWA staffers had participated in the 7 October attack on southern Israel, in which 1,200 people, mostly civilians, were killed. The Israeli mission at the UN referred queries about the investigation to the foreign ministry in Tel Aviv. The foreign minister, Israel Katz, has said that the government would “give them all the materials that prove UNRWA’s involvement in terrorism and their damage to the future of the region”. Since the initial allegations against 12 UNRWA workers, nine of whom are believed to be still alive, Israel has claimed that a total of 190 UNRWA employees, including teachers, have also been Hamas or Islamic Jihad militants. The Israeli military also said that a tunnel had been found under UNRWA’s headquarters in Gaza and that guns and ammunition had been found in the headquarters building. The head of UNRWA, Philippe Lazzarini, said the agency “did not know what is under its headquarters in Gaza”, which he pointed out had been abandoned since an Israeli order to evacuate in October. He said that in times of relative peace, UNRWA inspected its premises every quarter, and always protested if its neutrality had been violated. Israel has long called for UNRWA, established in 1949, to be dismantled, but with 30,000 staff, (13,000 in Gaza) it dwarfs every other UN agency, which have a combined total of about 200 employees in Gaza. “It is a little bit shortsighted to believe that UNRWA can just technically hand over all its activities to other UN agencies or NGOs,” Lazzarini told journalists in Jerusalem on Thursday. “It’s an agency [that’s] quite unique because we are … primarily providing government-like services to one of the most destitute communities in the region,” he said. “The World Food Programme itself has said that it cannot stave off starvation which is already impacting hundreds of thousands of people,” Christopher Gunness, a former UNRWA spokesperson, said. “That can only be done by UNRWA, with its 13,000 workers, its warehouses and its food distribution centres.” “The OIOS report is a ladder on which all the defunding donors can climb down if they wish to and avoid accusations of complicity in starvation and genocide, as well as bowing to the political agenda of Israel’s far right,” Gunness said. Parallel to the OIOS inquiry, a broader review of UNRWA’s activities and neutrality is under way, led by a former French foreign minister, Catherine Colonna, and supported by three Nordic research organisations. The Colonna review was commissioned by Guterres in January, before the Israeli allegations were made. It is expected to provide a progress report in mid-March, which could prompt a resumption of funding from major donors, before the agency runs out of money altogether, diplomats at the UN said. The review group is expected to deliver a final report in mid-April https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/01/unrwa-funding-pause-employees-october-7-hamas-attack-claims-no-evidence-un

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Where do cats come from? From ancient Egyptians to today’s internet users, people have always loved their cats. In the U.S. alone, cats reign over about 45.3 million households. There are at least 45 domestic breeds, which differ widely in features such as coat color, tail length, hair texture, and temperament, according to the Cat Fancier’s Association. The Maine Coon is the largest, with males reaching an average of 3.5 feet long. The smallest breed is the Singapura, native to Singapore, with adult females weighing as little as four pounds. One of the most unusual-looking cats is the Sphynx, a mostly hairless cat known for being robust and intelligent. Like their big cat cousins, house cats are obligate carnivores, meaning they have to eat meat to stay healthy. Though they’ve been domesticated for thousands of years, these predators have maintained a strong hunting instinct, relying on stealth to stalk prey and attack with sharp claws and teeth. (Learn surprising things you never knew about your cat.) As mostly nocturnal animals, cats have excellent vision and hearing, with ears that can turn like satellite dishes. Their reputation for having nine lives stems in part from their ability to navigate difficult environments, for example using their tail to balance and mostly land their lean, muscular bodies on all fours. Cushioning discs between vertebrae also give cat bodies exceptional flexibility and speed. Kitty origins People began to domesticate cats in the Fertile Crescent about 10,000 years ago, according to DNA research. Modern-day cats descended from a subspecies of African wildcat, Felis silvestris lybica, which today is the most common and widespread wildcat. (Read more about little-known small wildcats.) Thousands of years ago, these wildcats were likely drawn to human settlements and their plentiful mice and food scraps. People realized these rodent catchers were helpful to have around, and eventually the two species began living together. Later, people began to bring felines aboard ships as they traveled the world. (Read about house cat ancestors’ remains found in Polish caves.) Another, independent foray into cat domestication occurred in China about 5,000 years ago with another wildcat species the leopard cat. Since domestic cats today aren’t related to leopard cats, the harmony doesn’t seem to have lasted. Reproduction Females reach sexual maturity at just four months old and go into heat several times a year. Gestation lasts about 64 days, with an average litter size of four kittens. Young are usually weaned at two months old and grow rapidly, reaching adult size by the time they’re 10 months to a year old. One litter of kittens can have multiple fathers, a phenomenon more likely in city cats due to crowding and lower aggression among males. Speaking feline Cats are masters at communicating with other cats and their human caregivers. For instance, a quickly swishing tail signals aggression, while a tucked tail means they’re nervous. When relaxed, a cat will move its ears forward and point its tail up in the air or perpendicular to the ground. (Related: “What is your cat trying to tell you? Vets weigh in.”) When cats rub their faces on the furniture, other cats, or a person, it may be a behavior called bunting. Cats have scent glands in their face, and bunting allows them to mark their territory, bond with other cats, or show affection. Speaking of, if you want to make your cat feel comfortable, look them in the eye and blink your eyes very slowly. They recognize this as a sign of friendliness, and you may notice them returning the slow blink—a sign of contentedness. And it wouldn’t hurt to call them Your Majesty. DID YOU KNOW Like humans, cats display a preference for a particular paw, with males more often favoring their left paw and females their right. —Animal Behaviour If the family cat died in an ancient Egyptian household, family members might shave their eyebrows as a show of mourning. —University College London Domestic cats lack a taste receptor for sweetness. —Journal of Nutrition https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/facts/domestic-cat

13 fun facts about Mohamed Salah Mohamed SalahLiverpoolFun factsChelseaRomaFiorentinaBaselEgypt Everything you need to know about the exceptional Egyptian! Mohamed Salah is an Egyptian footballer who currently plays for Liverpool in the English Premier League. He was born on June 15, 1992, in Nagrig, Egypt, and started his professional career in Egypt's Premier League with Al Mokawloon in 2010. Salah is widely regarded as one of the best players in the world and is known for his speed, agility, and goal-scoring ability. He has won numerous awards throughout his career, including the Premier League Golden Boot, the PFA Players' Player of the Year, and the FWA Footballer of the Year. He is regarded as one of the greatest players to ever don the Liverpool jersey and was instrumental in helping the Reds win their first Premier League title in 2020 and their fifth UEFA Champions League triumph in 2019, a year after they had lost in the final to Real Madrid. Salah is a devout Muslim and often celebrates goals by performing sujood, which is the Islamic act of prostration. He is also known for his charity work and is an ambassador for UNICEF. Salah's success has made him a global icon and a role model for young people in Egypt and around the world. He has a huge social media following and is often featured in advertisements and campaigns. But what are the 13 fun facts about Mohamed Salah that you absolutely need to know? Football running in his genes Mohamed Salah's father, Salah Ghaly, was an avid football lover himself and used to play the sport in his Nagrig village. Being a football coach, he encouraged young Mohamed to pursue the sport, and was key to his early development as a footballer. https://www.goal.com/en/lists/13-fun-facts-about-mohamed-salah/bltf99672bb845080a0

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More than 200 MPs from 12 countries have committed themselves to trying to persuade their governments to impose a ban on arms sales to Israel, arguing they will not be complicit in “Israel’s grave violation of international law” in its assault on Gaza. The letter, organised by Progressive International, a network of socialist MPs and activists focused on international justice, is seen as the best practical measure possible to bring public anger over the 30,000 deaths of Palestinians in Gaza into the heart of parliaments, where calls for an immediate unconditional ceasefire have so far fallen on deaf ears or been rejected by national governments. The organisers believe governments supplying arms are vulnerable to legal challenges given the scale of devastation in Gaza that they say extends beyond any definition of self-defence or proportionality. The signatories are all MPs in parliaments where the governments allow arms sales to Israel. Nine are current or former leaders of political parties, including the former UK Labour party leader Jeremy Corbyn; the leader of the Green party in the Australian senate, Larissa Waters; the coordinator of France Unbowed, Manuel Bompard; the national secretary of the Workers’ party of Belgium, Peter Mertens; the Canadian MP and member of the Progressive International council, Niki Ashton; the Brazilian federal deputy Nilto Tatto; the former leader of Die Linke, Bernd Riexinger; the leader of the Spanish party Podemos, Ione Belarra; the leader of the Dutch Socialist party, Jimmy Dijk; the Irish teachta dála (member of parliament) Thomas Pringle; and the former co-chair of the Peoples’ Democratic party in Turkey, Sezai Temelli. The sole signatory from the US is the Michigan congresswoman, Rashida Tlaib. The action by the parliamentarians is supported by the founder of France Unbowed, Jean-Luc Mélenchon, the Spanish government minister Pablo Bustinduy and the prominent Indian politician Jignesh Mevani. In the UK, 39 parliamentarians have signed the letter, including Labour, Scottish National party, independent and Social Democrat and Labour party (SDLP) MPs. In their letter the politicians argue that, after the international court of justice ordered Israel to ensure its forces did not commit acts of genocide in Gaza, “an arms embargo has moved beyond a moral necessity to become a legal requirement”. This week, UN experts made a similar pronouncement, claiming “any transfer of weapons or ammunition to Israel that would be used in Gaza is likely to violate international humanitarian law and must cease immediately”. The letter states: “We know that lethal weapons and their parts, made or shipped through our countries, currently aid the Israeli assault on Palestine that has claimed over 30,000 lives across Gaza and the West Bank. “We cannot wait. Following the interim ruling by the international court of justice (ICJ) on the genocide convention case against the state of Israel, an arms embargo has moved beyond a moral necessity to become a legal requirement.” The ICJ is still studying a private letter sent by the Israeli government on Monday setting out how the government was seeking to comply with ICJ orders concerning the delivery of humanitarian aid and ending incitements to genocide. South Africa, as the government that brought the case to the ICJ alleging plausible genocide, has a right to challenge the validity of the Israeli assurances. The ICJ has no powers of enforcement, and the US is blocking a draft resolution at the UN that would seek to put the ICJ ruling into the form of a UN security council resolution. A separate attempt at the UN to condemn Israeli actions at a food distribution point in northern Gaza that ended with the killing of as many as 100 Palestinians on Thursday is also being blocked by the US on the basis that it is not clear exactly what happened. Reports from the Palestinian mission at the UN suggested the UK was prepared to vote for the resolution, rather than abstain, which is the position it has previously adopted on Gaza-related resolutions that the US has opposed. The UK has said nothing officially about the latest Gaza killings and in its latest effort to help get aid into Gaza has been involved with air drops. The French president, Emmanuel Macron, issued a statement on X saying: “Deep indignation at the images coming from Gaza where civilians have been targeted by Israeli soldiers. I express my strongest condemnation of these shootings and call for truth, justice, and respect for international law.” The White House, after pressure from Democratic senators, has given the Israeli government a month to sign a document stating that any arms will be used only in line with international humanitarian law. All US arms importers are being asked to sign the letter. Israel is hugely reliant on US weapons and the letter-signing process at least gives critics within Israel of the government’s behaviour some leverage to challenge the administration to explain how the weapons deliveries can be justified. The UK says it keeps all arms export licences under review, but as a matter of practice refuses to disclose legal advice given to the government on whether Israel’s actions meet the requirements of international law. Existing UK arms export criteria say that if there is a “clear risk” a weapon might be used in a serious violation of international humanitarian law then an arms export should not be licensed. The UK high court on 20 February threw out a judicial review mounted by two NGOs saying it was a high hurdle for the claimants to prove that the UK government decision to retain the arms export licences was irrational. The high court was passing judgment as much on the government process of decision making as on the decision itself. The decision leaves scope for MPs to demand to see the legal advice that ministers are receiving. The Foreign Office minister in the Commons, Andrew Mitchell, cited a legal podcast presented by the Labour peers Charlie Falconer and Helena Kennedy and broadcast on 3 February as evidence it was not possible to know if Israel was breaching international humanitarian law. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/01/politicians-from-12-countries-unite-to-press-for-arms-ban-on-israel

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Cow facts Here are some cool facts about cows! Cows are part of the Bovidae family, also known as cattle. Cattle refers to a whole gang of different horned and hoofed mammals including yaks and bison. However, the name “cow” is technically only for females and males are “bulls”. Cattle are naturally curious, clever and even fun loving. In research studies they have been trained to follow sound to find food in a maze. They are also known to love playing. When given the space they will run with each other, play chase and enjoy toying with a ball. Did you know they have a sight range of 300° while humans only have a range of 180°? This is because their eyes are set on the sides of their head. This allows them to see what’s coming up beside and behind them with ease. This range increases to almost 360° when they are grazing. They have an amazing sense of hearing that is very similar to a dog, which is why loud noises can stress them. This is paired with an excellent sense of smell. They can catch a whiff of an odour from up to 8km away. All of this is to help them better detect danger and possible attacks. Cows are sentient beings – they think, feel, and have unique personalities Positive human contact with cows improves the human-animal relationship. The positive effects of gentle stroking on the neck, reduce cows’ fear of humans, regardless of their personality type. Cows have different personalities. Some cows are bolder and more exploratory than others. They are more likely to explore a new object in their field, compared with shy and less curious cows. Cows can make friends! They can form social bonds with other cows and feel stressed when separated from their preferred partners. Temperamental cattle actually adapt to handling the most, they just need to be given time to adapt, and be handled gently and calmly. This is important, as temperamental cows are often culled early, as temperament is heritable. Cow vocalisations differ depending on the emotional state of the cow. When feeling negative following separation from their young calf, a cow’s vocalisations are longer and higher pitched. When cows feel positive, following a reunion with their calves, they vocalise less, and their vocalisations are shorter, with a lower pitch. Humans can reliably tell whether calves are in pain following surgical castration, just by observing their behaviour and assessing them through a method called qualitative behavioural assessment, which relies on humans’ subjective interpretation of an animal’s body language and postures. Cows have a ‘pain face’ which means that their micro-facial expressions can show when they are in pain. These expressions can be reliably assessed, to determine how much pain a cow is in following a procedure, and to ensure effective pain-relief is given. Software has been developed that can track the facial expressions of cows, to determine what emotions they are feeling, including aggressive, neutral, calm, and excited. https://www.worldanimalprotection.ca/education/animal-facts/cow-facts