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The draft of the project for the submission of criminal gangs has three central axes of criminal policy to be able to present its members, in the same place and collectively, as revealed by EL TIEMPO. (Read: Community prisons: draft proposal to seek peace with gangs). This newspaper learned of the central basis of the document, which is part of a general framework of 'total peace' proposed by the Government, which makes use of elements that already exist, such as the search for charges, restorative justice, and introduces new elements such as the Ombudsman's Office being able to represent the victims collectively. (It may interest you: Total peace 'is not lowering your guard against crime', Ministry of Defense). Adjustment to the Penal Code: the highest penalties change and the community prison is created The draft says that the judicial congestion in criminal matters is worrying and that the deprivation of liberty "whether preventively or because of a penalty, has become incompatible with human dignity" given the prison crisis. Therefore, the following changes are proposed. First, of the Penal Code, to correct “defects” that exist due to several reforms that have progressively increased penalties, according to the document. (Read: "One thing is politically oriented groups and another is criminal groups": Cabello) “The normative arrangement, which goes through several articles, guarantees the adequacy of the maximum penalties to the current constitutional standards. The maximum penalty for competition will be 50 years and the maximum for criminal types will be 40 years, ”says the draft, which does not specify which crimes it refers to. It should be remembered that today the Penal Code contemplates sentences in some cases of up to 60 years. The initiative also expands the penal surrogates that exist today, creating three more: the community prison, the measure of deprivation of community liberty and the special execution of the sentence. The first two imply that the person will be detained in the place of settlement or in which a judge determines, while the last will apply to people sentenced to a sentence of maximum 4 years so that they can comply with the special restoration and reintegration program in temporary or permanent settlement centers. "The community prison will allow the prisoner to carry out community activities aimed at guaranteeing the repair of the damage caused by the crime and that will facilitate his process of social reintegration," says the document. (Read: 'Iván Mordisco' reappears announcing disposition to ceasefire) The initiative proposes that these centers be located in the territories affected by the violence exerted by the structure and that they have spaces at the service of the community, such as ranches, library, sports centers, community gardens, educational and health centers. And he points out that "the confinement establishments will be decongested and the execution of sentences will be humanized." In addition, it is proposed to maintain the exclusion from these mechanisms for those who have reoffended in intentional crimes within the previous five years, provided that they have not been committed in a situation of marginality. And the exclusion will be maintained for those convicted of heinous crimes and other serious human rights violations. Judicial benefits and changes in criminal procedure As a second axis, the initiative seeks a series of reforms to the Code of Criminal Procedure to strengthen the mechanisms of collaboration with the justice system. Formulas for collaboration benefits are proposed "that are designed for the imputation and punishment of high-impact criminal structures, including restorative components that guarantee the rights of victims." Thus, says the draft, any sentence resulting from a mechanism of collaboration with justice could include restorative components. (Read: 'Iván Márquez' is still in a military hospital in Caracas: he has brain trauma) The document incorporates an ordinary criminal procedure for the effective prosecution of high-impact organized crime structures, those criminal structures that have sufficient capacity to subdue po[CENSORED]tions and destabilize territories in Colombia, which aims to contribute to prevention and punishment. of organized crime; facilitate their persecution, investigation and prosecution, and guarantee the rights of the victims. This would be the procedure The dialogue phase In the first place, there will be a phase of dialogue that begins with the voluntary manifestation of these organized crime structures to present themselves to the judiciary. “The group and the national government, based on what was agreed, will sign a final act of dialogue. Subsequently, each member of the criminal structure will sign an act of presentation and individual commitment. These two minutes will be transferred to the Office of the Attorney General of the Nation and all members of the criminal structures will be transferred to the temporary location areas (which were contemplated in the public order law and which are not jails)”, says the draft. (Read: In sausages they found 28 kilos of marijuana that were going to San Andrés) Imputation stage and assurance measure Then, there is the judicial stage of imputation by structure and imposition of a deprivation of liberty measure. Here, it is provided that the delegated prosecutor will present at the hearing the document formulating charges by structure, which will contain the specifics of the criminal structure, its members, the criminal patterns and the acts committed, and then request the arrest. “The individual acts of reception to justice will be sufficient evidentiary support for its imposition. The deprivation of liberty measures will be in the temporary location areas”, says the document that specifies that the breach of the imposed obligations inherent to the security measure causes the substitution of the deprivation of liberty measure of those areas to a prison. (Read: Emcali: Attorney asks to suspend execution of questioned contract) Acceptance of charges and delivery of goods: those involved may keep 10 percent https://www.eltiempo.com/justicia/conflicto-y-narcotrafico/bandas-criminales-en-colombia-claves-del-borrador-de-sometimiento-704693

Cognition is more diverse than we thought: other species of mammals and birds also dream, suffer and have a sense of humor. For 8 years I have lived with my dog Charlie who, despite being a bloodhound, is lousy at tracking scents. Whenever I come home he greets me with joy, even if I have only gone out to the store. When I laugh, I hear his tail tapping on the floor in the next room; he reacts to my joy even if he doesn't see me. Although we share that bond, I often sit next to him on the couch, hug him, and ask my wife, “Do you think he loves me?” “Yes, yes!” she replies with just a touch of exasperation, kind of generous of hers considering how often I do it. This could be considered a ritual in our house. I wonder if Charlie will think anything of it. Watching him sunbathe on the porch, a deeper question comes to mind: how similar are the minds of animals to ours? Will they have thoughts, feelings and memories like us? Intelligence is not only human As humans, we still consider ourselves different from other animals. However, in the last 50 years scientists have accumulated evidence of intelligence in many non-human species. The New Caledonian crow uses twigs to extract insect larvae from the bark of trees. Octopuses solve puzzles and protect the entrance to their burrows with rocks. There is no doubt that many animals possess extraordinary cognitive abilities. But could they be more than just sophisticated automatons concerned only with survival and procreation? A growing number of behavioral studies, combined with observations in the wild – such as a killer whale nudging her dead calf for weeks – are revealing that many species have more in common with humans than previously believed. Elephants mourn, dolphins play for fun, cuttlefish have different personalities, crows seem to respond to the emotional state of other crows. Many primates form strong friendships. In some species, such as elephants and killer whales, the older ones share with the younger ones the knowledge acquired through experience. Others, like rats, perform acts of empathy and kindness. He also reads: Young killer whales learn from their grandmothers how to hunt and feed Consciousness is more diverse than we thought This emerging landscape of consciousness, among such diverse non-human species, is like a Copernican revolution in the way we view those beings with whom we share the planet. Until about three decades ago, the minds of animals were not even considered a subject worthy of investigation. “AND THAT ANIMALS HAD EMOTIONS…THAT WAS FOR ROMANTICS,” OBSERVES ETHOLOGIST FRANS DE WAAL OF EMORY UNIVERSITY, WHO HAS DEDICATED HIS LIFE TO STUDYING PRIMATE BEHAVIOR. DE WAAL WAS ONE OF THE FIRST TO PROPOSE THAT ANIMAL CONSCIOUSNESS BE RECOGNIZED. FOR ABOUT 20 YEARS AGO,” HE COMMENTS, “SCIENTISTS BEGAN TO ADMIT THAT CERTAIN SPECIES HAD SCIENCE, BUT MAINTAINED THAT THEIR EXPERIENCES WERE NOT COMPARABLE WITH OURS AND THEREFORE WERE MEANINGLESS. Today, some behaviorists are beginning to believe that "the internal processes of many animals are as complex as those of humans"; de Waal points out. “The difference is that we express them through language; we can talk about our feelings.” If this new appreciation is widely accepted, it could lead to a total reconsideration of how we humans relate to other species, how we treat them. “If you recognize that animals have emotions, which includes insect consciousness, then they take on moral relevance,” explains de Waal. “They are not the same as stones. They are sentient beings." We suggest: Cats look to their human families as a source of security and emotional support, study reveals Delving into the inner life of other species However, the scientific mission to understand the inner lives of animals is controversial: some experts consider that knowing the mind of another species is practically impossible. “Attributing feelings to an animal by observing its behavior is not science; they are just assumptions,” says neurobiologist David J. Anderson of the California Institute of Technology, who studies emotion-linked behaviors in mice, fruit flies and jellyfish. Those who investigate emotions such as sadness and empathy in non-human creatures must refute the accusation that they anthropomorphize their study subjects. https://www.ngenespanol.com/animales/como-funciona-la-cognicion-de-los-animales/

Toyota has confirmed it will permanently close its plant in Russia, where production had been suspended since March following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. The Japanese car maker said it “sees no way” to restart production either now or in the future at the St Petersburg factory, following its more than-six month closure due to European Union-imposed import sanctions blocking parts and stifling construction. Before work was suspended, the factory produced the Toyota Camry and Toyota RAV4 with an annual capacity of 100,000, according to Reuters. Employees, who have been retained throughout the suspension, will be offered assistance for re-employment, retraining and wellbeing, Toyota has confirmed, adding that they will all be given redundancy payouts. It didn't confirm how many people were affected. Toyota will also retain aftersales services in Russia for both its and sibling brand Lexus’s vehicles. In a statement, the company said: “The decision to terminate production of Toyota vehicles in Russia is not one that we have taken lightly. “Over the last 80 years, we have developed our business and our brand with the support of stakeholders around the world. “We must now act in a way that allows us to protect the values and principles that our predecessors built up and be confident that we can pass them on to the next generation.” Toyota is the latest of several car makers to have pulled out of Russia since it started its war against Ukraine. Volkswagen announced that it would close its Nizhny Novgorod factory in July, while Aston Martin, BMW, Ford, General Motors, Honda and Jaguar Land Rover have halted sales in the country. https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/business-vehicle-manufacturing/toyota-permanently-close-russian-plant

Hundreds of people have been arrested by authorities as protests against Russia's new "partial mobilisation" continue across the country, an independent rights group has said. OVD-Info said 724 people were detained across 32 different cities on Saturday. Widespread demonstrations have broken out since President Vladimir Putin announced plans to draft 300,000 men to fight in Ukraine. Unsanctioned rallies are banned under Russian law. But Mr Putin's move to draft civilians into the military has sparked large scale protests in urban areas, with more than 1,000 people being detained at demonstrations earlier this week. In Moscow, news agency AFP reported witnessing one demonstrator shouting "we are not cannon fodder" as she was arrested by officers. And in St Petersburg, Russia's second city, one man told reporters: "I don't want to go to war for Putin." Seventy-year-old Natalya Dubova told AFP that she opposed the war and confessed she was "afraid for young people" being ordered to the front. Some of those arrested on Saturday reported being handed draft papers and ordered to report to recruiting centres while being held by security officials. The Kremlin defended the practice earlier this week, saying "it isn't against the law". Moscow has also approved harsh new punishments for those accused of dereliction of duty once drafted. Mr Putin signed fresh decrees on Saturday imposing punishments of up to 10 years imprisonment for any soldier caught surrendering, attempting to desert the military or refusing to fight. The president also signed orders granting Russian citizenship to any foreign national who signs up to serve a year in the country's military. The decree, which some observers have suggested displays how severe Moscow's shortage of troops has become, bypasses the usual requirement of five years of residency in the country. Russia reveals exemptions as men flee call-up What does Russian military call-up mean for Ukraine? Putin fires deputy defence chief amid supply failures Elsewhere, other young Russians continue to flee mobilisation by seeking to leave the country. On the border with Georgia, queues of Russian cars stretch back more than 30km (18 miles) and the interior ministry has urged people not to travel. Local Russian officials have admitted that there's been a significant influx of cars trying to cross - with nearly 2,500 vehicles waiting at one checkpoint. The admission is a change of tone from Russia, with the Kremlin describing reports of Russians fleeing conscription as "fake" on Thursday. Meanwhile, Finland has also seen a sharp increase in the number of Russians seeking to enter the country. Matti Pitkaniitty, a spokesperson for the country's Border Guard, said said the number of Russians arriving had more than doubled since last week. On Friday, the government announced plans to stop Russian tourists entering the country. "The aspiration and purpose is to significantly reduce the number of people coming to Finland from Russia," President Sauli Niinistö told the state broadcaster. Several other neighbouring states have already ruled out offering asylum to Russians seeking to avoid the draft. "Many Russians who now flee Russia because of mobilisation were fine with killing Ukrainians," Latvia's Foreign Minister Edgars Rinkēvičs said. "They did not protest then. It is not right to consider them as conscientious objectors." On Friday, the Kremlin revealed a host of occupations it said will be exempt from conscription aimed at boosting its war effort in Ukraine. IT workers, bankers and journalists working for state media will escape the "partial mobilisation" announced by President Putin on Wednesday. But some have cast doubt on the truth of the Kremlin's claims, and reports have been emerging of Russian men who do not meet the criteria being called up by local recruiting officers. Margarita Simonyan, the editor of the state-run media outlet RT, posted to Twitter a list of elderly and disabled citizens ordered to report for duty. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63021118

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Music Title: ZEDK ft DRY - GUESS Signer: - Release Date: 24/09/22 Official Youtube Link: Informations About The Signer:- Your Opinion About The Track (Music Video):10/10

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small businesses will not pay the tax on ultra-processed foods that is proposed in the new government's tax reform and that seeks to collect 25 billion pesos. This was confirmed by the Minister of Finance, José Antonio Ocampo, who assured that they have simplified the initial proposal that came in the bill so that it does not affect small stores such as bakeries. (You can also read: With tax reform, air ticket prices would increase: the reasons) "We are going to propose an exception for small businesses, such as bakeries, so that they do not have to pay this tax and that it is the larger companies or the importers of these products that assume it," he said at a hearing. regional public on the project in Cali. Ocampo also explained that they have been limiting the number of products that will have to pay this tax based on the amount of sugar and sodium, among others, that they have. (You can also read: Increase in the tax on cigarettes would trigger contraband: FND discussion) What did the tax say about 'junk food'? The reform proposes the creation of a tax on the consumption of the production for its subsequent sale and import of ultra-processed foods with a high content of added sugars, considering the potential effects on the health of Colombians derived from the consumption of these products. Specifically, the national tax on the consumption of ultra-processed foods and foods with a high content of added sugars will correspond to a tax with a rate of 10 percent on the sale price of the good, which will be collected by the producer on delivery to the factory or in plant for distribution and subsequent sale. For example, there is talk of taxing sausages, French fries, fried potatoes, packaged pork rinds, cakes and pancakes, ice cream or cereals, among others. Environmental taxes. (Be sure to read: 'Eliminating EPS does not solve structural health problems': Asocajas) This is the initial list of products that were going to be taxed: 1. Meat and edible meat offal, salted, in brine, dried or smoked; edible flour and meal, of meat or offal. 2. Sausages and similar products of meat, offal or blood; food preparations based on these products. 3. Other preparations and preserves of meat, offal or blood. 4. French fries. 5. Chips. 6. Packed pork rinds. 7. Packaged snacks or appetizers. 8. Sweet cookies with added sweetener. 9. Waffles and wafers, including fillings and waffles. 10. Cupcakes and cakes. 11. Biscuits and sweet cakes. 12. Meringues. 13. Cocoa powder with added sugar or other sweetener. 14. Chocolate candies. 15. Chocolate covered fruits and/or other confectionery and pastry products, and other food preparations that contain cocoa, not in blocks, tablets or bars, and that have added sugar or other sweeteners. 16. Confectionery without cocoa. 17. Ice cream, even with cocoa. 18. Milk-based desserts, including arequipe. 19. Manjar blanco or dulce de leche. 20. Sauces and soups. 21. Cereals. https://www.eltiempo.com/economia/sectores/reforma-tributaria-panaderias-no-pagaran-impuesto-a-ultraprocesados-704758

The color and stripes of cats depend on how the fetus developed during pregnancy, a new study suggests. It is estimated that the domestication of cats occurred about 10 thousand years ago. Due to the independent and hunting character that the species maintains, there are serious studies that suggest that the species domesticated itself. Since then, the brain of domestic felines has shrunk - as well as its other dimensions - due to the intimate contact they have had with humans over time. Although there is ample record of the physiological changes that cats have undergone after domestication, little was known about how cats get their stripes. Although domestic tabby cats are some of the most common, genetic evidence was found for the first time to explain this coat pattern. This is what we know. Also read: What the 5 most common gestures mean in the language of cats A mutation that happens during pregnancy To determine where cats get their stripes, a team of researchers took a skin sample from embryos. With it, scientists discovered that the genetic expression of the pattern in the coat depends on how the fetus develops in its mother's womb. The embryonic cells were between 25 and 28 days old. Looking at the structures under the microscope, the researchers noticed that some areas on the skin were interleaved with thinner areas. Coincidentally, this pattern resembled the coloration of an adult tabby cat: “EARLY IN DEVELOPMENT, WE IDENTIFIED STRIPE-LIKE ALTERATIONS IN EPIDERMAL THICKNESS PRECEDED BY A PRIOR PATTERN OF GENE EXPRESSION,” THE AUTHORS WRITE IN NATURE. This condition is not limited to tabby cats. Rather, it extends to 'more intricate' color patterns, the researchers describe. That is to say: cat embryos acquire their spots, stripes and hair color during pregnancy. According to the scientists, this gene expression depends on the Wnt inhibitor. Although this genetic mutation disrupts the animal's color patterns, it does not actually affect its organs, muscles, or vital systems. Just as the stripes of domestic cats appear in the process of gestation, the authors think this evidence also sheds light on how leopards acquire their spots. Therefore, it is likely that this genetic phenomenon is repeated in the embryos of other feline species. https://www.ngenespanol.com/animales/por-que-los-gatos-tienen-rayas/

The Volkswagen Group has revealed a new level five autonomous concept that could replace short-haul flights, the firm thinks. The Gen.Travel shows how the VW Group envisages travel will advance over the next decade. The car's uniquely shaped cabin can be set up in different ways, such as four seats and a central table for business use, or with the seats combined to create two beds for overnight travel. The company expects any production version to be used mainly as a long-range taxi service, rather than being owned by individuals. Some of this research vehicle's unique features could also make their way onto current or near-future production cars, the brand has confirmed. These may include the use of dynamic lighting to stop motion sickness or gullwing doors for easier cabin access. The Gen.Travel will be battery powered with a range of potentially up to 700 miles based on VW’s ambition for it to replace short-haul flights. However, with current tech, the battery required would make the car very heavy. For reference, a BMW iX SUV, fitted with a 105.2kWh battery capable of 380 miles, weighs more than 2.5 tonnes. To combat this, VW says it will use smaller, lighter batteries with potentially less overall range, but adopt the driving method of platooning, where a convoy of fully autonomous cars will travel together in a line to reduce drag and, therefore, increase range. Nikolai Ardey, head of Volkswagen Group innovation, called the concept “door-to-door travel at a new level”, adding: “It shows us what autonomous driving will look like in the future.” Another feature that could make its way into the VW Group range is active suspension eABC (electric Active Body Control). This calculates vertical and lateral movements caused by acceleration, braking and cornering ahead of time and “optimises the driving style and trajectory” to increase comfort within the car. This could be used as part of semi-autonomous level three driving – which could become legal for use on UK motorways “within the next year”, according to recent legislation – before full level five makes its way onto our roads. The Gen.Travel's other unique features include a family-oriented option to configure the front seats to entertain children using augmented reality. The car will make its world debut at Chantilly Arts and Elegance in France tomorrow. https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/new-cars/new-vw-concept-aims-replace-short-haul-flights

Ukrainians have reported armed soldiers going door-to-door in occupied parts of the country to collect votes for self-styled "referendums" on joining Russia. "You have to answer verbally and the soldier marks the answer on the sheet and keeps it," one woman in Enerhodar told the BBC. In southern Kherson, Russian guardsmen stood with a ballot box in the middle of the city to collect people's votes. The door-to-door voting is for "security", Russian state media says. "In-person voting will take place exclusively on 27 September," Tass reported. "On the other days, voting will be organised in communities and in a door-to-door manner." One woman in Melitopol told the BBC that two local "collaborators" arrived with two Russian soldiers at her parents' flat, to give them a ballot to sign. "My dad put 'no' [to joining Russia]," the woman said. "My mum stood nearby, and asked what would happen for putting 'no'. They said, 'Nothing'. "Mum is now worried that the Russians will persecute them." The woman also said there was one ballot for the entire household, rather than per person. Although the evidence is anecdotal, the presence of armed men conducting the vote contradicts Moscow's insistence that this is a free or fair process. What Russia wants from the votes in occupied Ukraine Experts say the self-styled referendums, taking place across five days, will allow Russia to claim - illegally - four occupied or partially-occupied regions of Ukraine as their own. In other words, a false vote on annexation, seven months into Russia's invasion. The "annexation" would not be recognised internationally, but could lead to Russia claiming that its territory is under attack from Western weapons supplied to Ukraine, which could escalate the war further. British Foreign Secretary, James Cleverly, said the UK had evidence that Russian officials had already set targets for "invented voter turnouts and approval rates for these sham referenda". Mr Cleverly said Russia planned to formalise the annexation of the four regions - Luhansk, Donetsk, Kherson and Zaporizhzhia - by the end of the month. A source in Kherson told the BBC there was no public effort to encourage voting, apart from an announcement on the Russian news agency that people can vote at a port building, which had been disused for 10 years. Another woman in Kherson said she saw "armed militants" outside the building where the vote seemed to be taking place. She pretended to forget her passport, so she didn't have to vote. The woman said all her friends and family were against the referendum. "We don't know how our life will be after this referendum," she said. "It is very difficult to understand what they want to do." Kyiv says the referendums will change nothing, and its forces will continue to push to liberate all of the territories. Meanwhile, Russian President Vladimir Putin's recent mobilisation of at least 300,000 extra troops has caused many Russian men of fighting age to flee. One young Russian man who left St Petersburg for Kazakhstan to avoid the draft told BBC World Service's Outside Source programme that that most of his friends were also on the move. "Right now, I feel like it's a total collapse. I know only maybe one or two folks that don't think about exile right now," he said. He said some, like him, are travelling across the border, whereas others have gone to small Russian villages to hide. "The big problem of Russia is that we didn't think about the war in Ukraine in February as we think about it right now," he said. Additional reporting by Hanna Chornous and Daria Sipigina in Ukraine What is being asked in the 'referendums'? In the self-declared, unrecognised Luhansk and Donetsk "people's republics", people are being asked whether they "support their republic's accession to Russia as a federal subject" In Zaporizhzhia and Kherson, they are being asked if they "favour the region's secession from Ukraine, creation of an independent country and subsequent accession to Russia as a federal subject" In Luhansk and Donetsk, ballots are printed in Russian only In Zaporizhzhia and Kherson, the ballot is in Ukrainian and Russian https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63013356