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Joa Studholme’s job title at paint company Farrow & Ball is “color curator”, which makes her sound like a hipster doing something groovy and opaque, or a rare breed of fine art specialist. In practice, she is something altogether more down-to-earth: a paint and color consultant with a large dollop of Mary Poppins empathy, pragmatism and cheeriness mixed in for good measure. Over the past 25 years, Studholme has parachuted into upwards of 4,000 homes to advise daunted newbies, or fraught couples, on their color schemes. “They don't know where to begin,” she says, as we sit in the bay window of her partially decorated new flat in London's Notting Hill. The walls and woodwork, including the shutters, are painted in Dead Salmon in a dead flat finish. “Or there’s a marital issue,” she continues, invariably over the choice of palette. One half hankering after something daring and fun, the other wanting safe neutrals frequently results in complete deadlock. 7530.jpg?width=880&dpr=2&s=none “Everyone is embracing color much more,” says Studholme. “All those years of gray mania are over. I used to drift around houses around Notting Hill and they were all pretty much identical – seas of marble and shades of greige – absolutely beautiful, of course, but also very soulless. Now people have realized that their homes have to work so much harder for them. You’d be amazed how many want to have womb-like, cocoon-like bedrooms.” The question is, which colors and where? Studholme, together with Farrow & Ball’s creative director Charlotte Cosby, has written How to Redecorate to talk people through the process, step by step. “It’s a manual on decorating, not a glossy coffee table book,” Studholme says. “The idea is to go through it sequentially.” The first steps are the crucial ones: skip them and you'll end up back where you started, feeling overwhelmed and unable to make decisions. If you do things in the right order, and break down both the process and the project before you begin, you can't fail, she enthuses, with characteristic passion. Step one: take on board the architecture of the room you want to redecorate. Is it large or small, dark or light? Is it an awkward shape? Step two: bear in mind how the light falls in a room, as this will determine how your paint colors change during the course of the day. Step three, and this pertains to a single-room project or a whole house or flat: be guided by your own style and how you live – follow your gut instinct. A penchant for color brings new choices, she says, with woodwork a key consideration. “Ask yourself: are you wedded to white woodwork? Have you thought about dark? Most people are, like: 'That's a bit scary, I've never thought of it.'” The advantage of trim that is darker than the walls, she says, is that it makes a space seem lighter, while using the same color on both walls and trim makes the space feel bigger and sleeker. 5214.jpg?width=620&dpr=2&s=none If you want to change things up, there's no need to redecorate your entire home. “Start small,” says Studholme, “with the inside of a cupboard or a loo.” This gives you a chance to find out how comfortable you are with bolder choices. If you want the wow factor, but not in the whole house, do something darker or bold in the hall. “A statement hall gives you license to be much more neutral in the rooms leading off it.” The spare room is another chance at self-expression. “If you have the indulgence of an extra room, go for a color which perhaps you wouldn't want to live with every day. I’m all over doing really strong colors and crazy decoration in guest rooms. Why not give your guests a treat?” Another good trick to add pizzazz is to paint the edge of one or two doors in a strikingly different colour. Put a strip of masking tape on the edge of the door, then paint it in a feature color. A strip of bright yellow on a child's bedroom door is a real favorite. “It's the small things that get you going,” she says. Fitting a piece of painted cardboard into the back of a dresser or chest of drawers is another hack. “It's like the colored lining of a jacket. It’s a flourish.” Studholme is forever repainting the table legs of her kitchen table, too. Or rather, someone else is painting them. “I can't paint,” she admits. “I'm too messy, I'm banned.” When I ask what the biggest decorating mistakes are, she is reluctant to declare any. “I'm not sure there is such a thing as a mistake,” she says. But I push for an answer, and then she is unequivocal. “The biggest mistake is people who default to bright white for ceilings. If a ceiling is really white, you can read the confines of it, it is defined. The height comes down and it instantly makes the room look much smaller. It’s like if you have created a beautiful outfit and you haven’t done your hair.” That bad, I gasp? Yes, she laughs, that bad. https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2023/sep/17/making-a-splash-the-paint-guru-who-wants-us-to-fall-in-love-with-colour

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Link:https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economía_de_Colombia Colombia's economy is the fourth largest in Latin America, according to gross domestic product.2425 It stands out in the international arena for its solidity and dynamism, reflected in the significant growth it has experienced in recent decades in the export of merchandise and the attractiveness it offers to foreign investment. It is the fourth largest economy in Latin America, after Brazil, Mexico and Argentina, and has become one of the main markets for foreign direct investment in the region. At a global level, it is among the 30 largest in the world.2627 Until the 1950s and even until the previous decade, Colombia's main means of obtaining foreign currency focused mainly on external sales of coffee. However, there are several sectors that made Colombia one of the most recognized countries for its production, such as emeralds and floriculture. The automotive and textile industry sectors also stand out and it is a large exporter of gold, sapphires and diamonds, among other products.28 Colombia participates in several international organizations and communities in search of cooperation and consolidation of actions for economic development.[1] At a global level, it is part of the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)29 and the CIVETS block of emerging countries (Colombia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Egypt, Turkey and South Africa) . At the continental level, it is a member of organizations such as the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), the Andean Community of Nations (CAN), the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) and, recently, the Pacific Alliance.30 History Pre-Hispanic Period Subsistence agriculture was the main productive activity in the pre-Hispanic economy.31 Other activities that were also important in the pre-Hispanic economy in Colombia were the exploitation of mineral deposits (especially gold and salt), and the production of textiles, ceramics and goldsmith's articles.32 The possession and work of the land, like the exploitation of mines, was of a collective or community nature, not applying the concept of private property in those cases.31 In the pre-Hispanic societies of Colombia there was no currency, so that surplus production was exchanged through barter.33

Link: https://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/boletines/pib/cp_PIB_IVtrim12.pdf 1.2.1. Annual behavior of GDP during 2012 by sectors When analyzing the results of GDP for 2012 by large branches of activity compared to those of 2011, the following variations were observed: 5.9% in mining exploitation and quarries; 5.5% in financial establishments, insurance, real estate and services to companies; 4.9% in social, community and personal services; 4.1% in trade, repair services, restaurants and hotels; 4.0% in transportation, storage and communications; 3.6% under construction; 3.5% in electricity, city gas and water; 2.6% in agriculture, forestry, hunting and fishing; and -0.7% in manufacturing industries. The taxes, rights and subsidies, as a whole, grew by 4.7%. Press release 03-21-2013 dane.gov.co 4 1.2.2. Sectoral behavior of GDP for the fourth quarter of 2012 When analyzing the result of the GDP in the fourth quarter of 2012 compared to the same period of 2011 by large branches of activity, the following variations were observed: 5.9% in social, community and personal service activities; 5.1% in financial establishments, insurance, real estate activities and business services; 5.0% under construction; 3.1% in electricity, gas and water supply; 3.0% in trade, repair, restaurants and hotels; 2.9% in transport, storage and communications; 1.7% in agriculture, livestock, hunting, forestry and fishing; 1.5% in mining exploitation and quarries; the activities of manufacturing industries decreased by 3.1%. For his On the other hand, taxes, rights and subsidies, as a whole, increased by 3.3%. Table 3 Behavior of GDP by Branches of Economic Activity 2012 - IV / 2011 - IV Annual percentage change - Seasonally adjusted series Branches of activity Variation percentage Agriculture, livestock, hunting, forestry and fishing 1.7 Exploitation of mines and quarries 1.5 Manufacturing industries -3.1 Electricity, gas and water supply 3.1 Construction 5.0 Trade, repair, restaurants and hotels 3.0 Transport, storage and communications 2.9 Financial establishments, insurance, real estate activities and business services 5.1 Social, community and personal service activities 5.9 Subtotal value added 3.1 Taxes less subsidies on production and imports 3.3 GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT 3.1 Source: DANE - Directorate of Synthesis and National Accounts Regarding the third quarter of 2012, the following variations were observed: construction at 10.6%; exploitation of mines and quarries in 2.6%; establishments finance, insurance, real estate activities and business services at 2.0%; trade, repair, restaurants and hotels at 1.0%; social service activities, communal and personal 0.6%; supply of electricity, gas and water at 0.2%; transport, storage and communications at 0.1%; agriculture, forestry, hunting and fishing in 0.1%; activities related to manufacturing industries fell 1.5%. By For their part, taxes, rights and subsidies, as a whole, increased by 1.8%.

Link:https://www.bbvaresearch.com/publicaciones/colombia-al-cierre-de-2021-el-crecimiento-economico-arrojo-una-dinamica-sobresaliente/#:~:text=1 marzo 2022-,Colombia | Al cierre de 2021%2C el crecimiento económico arrojó una,principalmente por el consumo final. outstanding dynamics In 2021, GDP grew 10.6% compared to 2020 and 2.8% when compared to 2019, driven mainly by final consumption. Fixed investment, although it expanded above GDP, has not yet managed to recover its pre-pandemic levels. We maintain our growth forecast for 2022 at 4.0%. Key points In the fourth quarter, the economy grew 10.8% annually. In addition, the expansion compared to the third quarter of 2021 was 4.3% quarter-on-quarter. In the full year 2021, household consumption increased 14.6% year-on-year, in real terms, and stood at 113% of the pre-covid level at the end of the year. On the contrary, fixed investment, at the end of 2021, was 12% below pre-covid levels. The high household spending was explained by: the higher income generated by the recovery of employment during 2021, the savings generated in 2020 and spent in 2021, the lower savings generated in 2021 and the progressive acceleration of consumer credit . In 2022, final consumption will slow down, both in its private component (households) and in that explained by government spending. On the contrary, investment in construction, especially civil works, and exports will continue to accelerate. Regarding the growth forecast for 2022, there are two biases that seem, for now, to offset each other: a better start than expected from the economic data and higher inflation rates and interest rates that could affect growth in the second part of the year. anus.

Link:https://elpais.com/mexico/2023-02-24/la-economia-de-mexico-crece-31-en-2022-a-pesar-de-la-presion-inflacionaria.html Mexico grew in 2022 despite an environment of uncertainty and inflation. The country's economy grew 3.1% last year, slightly better than the 3% previously estimated by the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI). In the data published this Friday, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) advanced 0.5% in the fourth quarter compared to the previous period. The performance of economic activity in the country was driven by industrial activities, which registered growth of 3.3%, a level not seen since 2010, mainly by the manufacturing sector. Tertiary activities –where services are located and which contribute the most to GDP– grew 2.8% in 2022, better than the 2.7% initially estimated. While agricultural work registered a growth of 2.6%. From last year to date, inflation has been one of the biggest challenges to overcome in the Latin American country. The consumer price index currently stands at 7.76% during the first fortnight of February, giving a slight breather after the rebound observed in the previous fortnights. However, the highest price rise in the last two decades has led the Mexican central bank to raise its interest rates to unprecedented levels to curb inflation. Currently, this reference rate is already at 11%.

Link:https://www.lainformacion.com/empresas/la-economia-venezolana-crece-un-4-8-por-ciento-en-2008-impulsada-por-el-consumo_kjf2fxtwisq2mvi1aysa34/ Venezuela: GDP increased by 5.3% The gross domestic product of Venezuela in 2008 has grown by 5.3% compared to 2007. It is a rate 35 tenths lower than that of said year, when it was 8.8%. In 2008 the GDP figure was 306,764 M$, with which Venezuela is the economy number 34 in the ranking of the 196 countries of which we publish the GDP. The absolute value of GDP in Venezuela grew by $73,907 million compared to 2007. The GDP per capita of Venezuela in 2008 was $11,079, $2,541 higher than that of 2007, which was $8,538. If we order the countries that we publish based on their GDP per capita, Venezuela is ranked 60 out of the 196 countries for which we publish this data. On this page you can see the evolution of GDP in Venezuela. You can see the complete list of the countries of which we publish the GDP by clicking on GDP and see all the economic information on Venezuela in the Venezuelan Economy. The Venezuelan GDP "grew 3.2 percent in the fourth quarter of 2008" compared to the same period of the previous year, which together with the "growth of 5.4 percent between last January and September determines an expansion of 4, 8 percent for the year 2008," the issuer said in a statement. "With this behavior, twenty-one continuous quarters of significant increase in the level of economic activity are completed," added the official statement. During the fourth quarter of 2008, economic performance was stimulated almost exclusively by non-oil activity, which registered a rise of 3.6 percent driven "by the increase in domestic aggregate demand." "The main growth observed occurred in the areas of communications (12.7%); community, social and personal services (7.9%); electricity and water (4.2%); government services (6.8% ) and agriculture (3.1%)", specified the Venezuelan issuer. The favorable behavior of the non-oil economy, supported by an increase in domestic consumption during the fourth quarter of 2008, "was favored both by the expansion of the main social programs of the Government and by the higher level of employment," said the Venezuelan issuer . Inflation continued its escalation in Venezuela in 2008 and accumulated a rate of 30.9 percent in 2008, the highest in the region. For its part, oil activity grew by barely 0.1 percent between last October and December, "affected by the production cut policy adopted by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)," the official report said. "Nevertheless, in all of 2008 oil activity experienced a rise of 3.2 percent, as a result of growth of 3.4, 3.3 and 6 percent in the first three quarters of the year." This expansion was associated "with the sustained increase in crude production, both by the state oil company PDVSA and by the mixed companies, which allowed a greater volume of external sales," according to the BCV. Venezuela has reduced its production by "364,000 barrels per day," in accordance with the agreements reached in OPEC between last September and December, which placed its production "at 3,011,000 barrels per day," PDVSA reported last January. The BCV highlighted that the "positive" economic results of the last quarter of 2008 "occur in an international environment marked by a severe financial crisis that generates great uncertainty in economic agents, given the evident recessive process in the main economies of the world." "In this complex context, the Central Bank has adequated its institutional capacities for macroeconomic coordination with the National Executive, with a view to promoting policies that ensure dynamism and sustainability in economic development." In the budget approved for 2009, for 77.895 million dollars, the price of the Venezuelan barrel was calculated at 60 dollars, well above the 36.00 dollars/barrel that averages so far this year. Venezuela's economy grew 8.4 percent in 2007; 10.3 percent in 2006; 9.4 percent in 2005 and 17.9 percent in 2004.

Link:https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/1074/10/Venezuela_es.pdf VENEZUELA (BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF) 1. General features of recent developments In 2010 the Venezuelan economy contracted by 1.4%, while its inflation rate was 27.2%. For 2011, a better level of economic activity is expected in the country and a growth of real GDP of 2%. It is also expected that the inflation rate will continue to be high, due to the increase the price of basic products such as food, while employment will continue to stagnate. 2. Economic policy a) Fiscal policy In 2010, the results recorded by the central government were better than in 2009, due to the fact that the nominal income of the treasury increased more than the expenses. However, according to preliminary figures Until the third quarter of 2010, the restricted public sector registered a higher deficit than in 2009. In In 2010, the primary deficit of the central government was 2.3% of GDP, while the overall deficit was 3.8% of GDP (compared to 4% of GDP and 5.4% of GDP in 2009, respectively). It is worth noting the drop of 2.3 points of GDP in non-oil revenues of the central government, while oil revenues increased 0.4 points of GDP. While both capital spending as current spending decreased as a percentage of GDP, the latter fell more (2.3 points of GDP), mainly due to reduced transfers to other public bodies. With everything, increased the central government's fiscal impulse, as nominal spending growth exceeded increase in income, particularly non-oil income. In 2010 the nominal indebtedness of Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) increased, but only slightly, as a percentage of GDP. Total debt went from 18.4% to 18.6% of GDP, increasing by internal debt by 1.4% of GDP and external debt by 1.2% of GDP. This borrowing was used to finance the public deficit and obtain funds for different public programs. However, it fits It should be noted that the official debt figures do not include the debt that the country has contracted with China, which would be paying with oil. As a result of the marked increase in oil prices registered from the fourth quarter of 2010 and during the first four months of 2011, the oil revenues of the State. In order to increase the participation of the State in the profits generated by the export of oil, in April 2011 the government created a "special contribution for extraordinary prices and prices exorbitant in the international hydrocarbons market", by virtue of which the exports of liquid hydrocarbons and derivatives. Said instrument establishes that when prices of oil are higher than the price set in the budget law, but equal to or less than 70 dollars per barrel, a rate of 20% will be applied on the difference between both prices; if the prices are greater than 70 dollars but less than 90 dollars per barrel, 80% of the surplus will be for the State; when prices are between 90 and less than 100 dollars per barrel, the percentage of the surplus for the State it will be 90%, while, if the prices are equal to or greater than 100 dollars, the State participation in the surplus will be 95%. The resources obtained in this way are channeled towards the National Development Fund (FONDEN). Through this decree law, the price was also set maximum for the calculation of royalties, extraction tax and export registration tax 70

Link:https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/45000/91/BPE2019_Venezuela_es.pdf Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela The GDP of the Venezuelan economy fell by 25.5% in 2019, which represents a cumulative contraction of 62.2% compared to the level of 2013. During 2019 the the hyperinflationary process that began in November 2017, and as of September 2019 the annualized inflation rate was 39.113%. In 2019, the external constraint facing the Venezuelan economy, given the lower oil exports (36% decrease compared to 2018) and limited access to international financial markets. It is estimated that in 2019 there will be a surplus in the trade balance of 12.7% of GDP, which means a reduction compared to the surplus observed in 2018 (17.6% of GDP). Also, for the fifth year A consecutive drop in international reserves is expected. The authorities Venezuelans continued the process of dismantling the exchange control and moved to a system of greater flexibility, which, until November 2019, meant a depreciation greater than 4,900% of the official exchange rate. By 2020, given the severe external restriction facing the country, the prolongation of the fall in activity oil company, the lower availability of fuel in the internal market and the little recovery of the Venezuelan electricity sector, a further decline in GDP is expected (14.0%) and inflation that, although it is falling, will remain at levels historically high. The financial constraint facing the Venezuelan public sector has become tighter in 2019. This is the product of four factors: i) limited access to external financing and maintenance of the situation of cessation of payments in which most of the external obligations of the public sector; ii) the drop in crude oil production and oil exports, which implies a decline in the country's main source of tax and foreign currency collection; iii) the tightening of financial and trade sanctions imposed by the United States and to which Venezuelan public bodies are subject to, and iv) the lower internal collection in terms of real. The scenario described above has resulted in a decline in tax revenue, a drop in the public spending and a high dependence on monetary financing of fiscal management. To the date At the time of preparing this report, there are no official information on the fiscal situation of the country, but the situation is reflected in the acceleration of the fall in GDP linked to government services in the first quarter of 2019, 23.4% compared to the same period of the year above, and the dynamics of the final consumption of the Government, which fell 23.1% in the first quarter of 2019. The use of monetary financing to meet the financial needs of the sector Venezuelan public has had as a consequence five consecutive years of base growth currency at rates of three digits or more. Without However, it should be noted that in 2019 there was a slowdown and that between October 2018 and October 2019 Base Growth monetary policy was 12.855%, lower than the observed between October 2017 and October 2018 (31.233%). On the other hand, other aggregates broad exhibit slower growth than the base given the fall of the money multiplier, induced by the establishment of a lace marginal 100% on deposits received since February 2019. The mentioned reserve policy implied that in September 2019 the nominal expansion annualized credit granted to the private sector was 6,717%, well below the maximum reached in January 2019 (144.718%) and the lowest observed since June 2018. The action joint behavior of nominal credit and the high levels of inflation caused a sustained contraction of real credit granted to the private sector, and as of September 2019 the annualized drop exceeds 80%. For his part, nominal interest rates have tended to increased more than 10 points in the last year, but when correcting for inflation, very negative real rates are observed which, together with the drop in income of households and hyperinflation, discourage the demand for assets in bolivars and promote the use currency to carry out commercial transactions. To mitigate the effect of real interest rates negative, financial institutions have opted to increase the value of the commissions linked to credit operations. In October 2019, the Central Bank of Venezuela (BCV) introduced a norm that indexes the valuation of the commercial portfolio to the evolution of the exchange rate, to increase the real supply of credit and discourage the acquisition of foreign currency.

Link:https://datosmacro.expansion.com/pib/venezuela?anio=2012#:~:text=En 2012 la cifra del,M€ respecto a 2011. GDP improves in Venezuela The gross domestic product of Venezuela in 2012 has grown by 5.6% compared to 2011. This is a rate 14 tenths higher than that of 2011, which was 4.2%. In 2012 the GDP figure was €289,819 million, with which Venezuela is the economy number 33 in the ranking of the 196 countries of which we publish the GDP. The absolute value of GDP in Venezuela grew by €62,414 million compared to 2011. The GDP per capita of Venezuela in 2012 was €9,834, €2,018 higher than that of 2011, which was €7,816. To view the evolution of the GDP per capita, it is interesting to look back a few years and compare these data with those of 2002 when the GDP per capita in Venezuela was €3,999. If we order the countries that we publish based on their GDP per capita, Venezuela is ranked 62 out of the 196 countries for which we publish this data. On this page you can see the evolution of GDP in Venezuela. You can see the complete list of the countries of which we publish the GDP by clicking on GDP and see all the economic information on Venezuela in the Venezuelan Economy. GDP improves in Venezuela The gross domestic product of Venezuela in 2012 has grown by 5.6% compared to 2011. This is a rate 14 tenths higher than that of 2011, which was 4.2%. In 2012 the GDP figure was 372,592 M$, with which Venezuela is the economy number 33 in the ranking of the 196 countries of which we publish the GDP. The absolute value of GDP in Venezuela grew $56,110 million compared to 2011. The GDP per capita of Venezuela in 2012 was $12,643, $1,766 higher than in 2011, which was $10,877. To view the evolution of the GDP per capita, it is interesting to look back a few years and compare these data with those of 2002 when the GDP per capita in Venezuela was $3,778. If we order the countries that we publish based on their GDP per capita, Venezuela is ranked 62 out of the 196 countries for which we publish this data. On this page you can see the evolution of GDP in Venezuela. You can see the complete list of the countries of which we publish the GDP by clicking on GDP and see all the economic information on Venezuela in the Venezuelan Economy.

Link:https://datosmacro.expansion.com/paises/egipto Antiquity Agricultural production relied not only on fertilization due to silt from the annual Nile floods, but also on an important export, papyrus, a reed-like plant that grew in the delta's many marshes and was used to make writing materials. Egyptian mines in the mountains along the Red Sea (as well as in the Sinai Peninsula) produced gold and copper, the latter metal being made into bronzeware that was also exported. Due to the scarcity of forests, Egypt was forced to import timber from Phoenicia, especially cedars from port cities such as Tyre, where Egyptian linen of various colors was highly prized. Many Egyptian temples and monuments were built in Thebes with sandstone. Ordinary houses, and even palaces, were built of adobe (the material used for building construction). The obelisks, many statues, sarcophagi and the lining of some pyramids were carved in very hard rocks, such as granite from the Aswan quarries. The model of socialism Egypt From the mid-19th century until independence in the first third of the 20th century, Egypt had a typically colonial economy of integration and exploitation by Great Britain. It is in this period when the country integrates into the western economy through agricultural development. After the Second World War, the industrialization process led by the new Egyptian ruling class, landowners who wanted to invest in their country and British investors took place. As the process intensified, social differences widened and nationalist movements, headed by the Movement of Free Officers -Gamal Abdel Nasser in particular- put an end to the monarchy in 1952. Start of economic liberalization After Nasser's death, Anwar el-Sadat, after the failure of the Yom Kippur war, set himself the immediate objective of westernizing the economy and starting a liberalization process. This initiative was timid, because the Egyptians were used to obtaining basic products at affordable prices and the liberalization process generated excessive price increases. In 1977 the protests became widespread on the occasion of the spectacular rise in the price of wheat. Anwar el-Sadat launches the Infitah (opening) policy which aims, by reducing the role of the State, to attract foreign investment and promote relations with the United States. A class of nouveau riche is developing rapidly. In 1975, there were more than 500 millionaires in Egypt, but more than 40% of the po[CENSORED]tion lived below the poverty line and slums were developing around the capital. Furthermore, the country racked up monumental debt during the Infitah years. To restructure it, the IMF called for the abolition of all subsidies to basic products, which led to riots in January 1977. The government involves the army, generating an unknown number of victims.2 The reorientation of the economy led Sadat to seek the support of traditional rural elites, whose influence had diminished under Nasserism. Farmers are evicted from disputed land. In the cities, to thwart Nasserian and Marxist organizations, Sadat has freed thousands of Islamist prisoners and granted them political freedoms. In 1972, the authorities had Islamist militants transported in state vehicles to violently regain control of the universities and arrested left-wing student leaders.2 Hosni Mubarak continues the policy of economic liberalization, in particular through the reduction of agricultural and consumer subsidies and the liberalization of prices. In 1992, he had the provisions governing land leases cancelled. Known as the "law to drive peasants off their land", this law, combined with other measures to separate the state from the economy, increases the discontent of poor rural po[CENSORED]tions, especially in Upper Egypt. 3